2. THIS IS

4. Life Cycle of Stars
General Science
gravity
Geological time
HR diagram
universe 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5

5. This determines not only the life cycle of the star but also it’s temperature and luminosity
Composition
Initial mass
Energy output
Density and gravity
A 1

6. b. Initial mass
A 1

7. Main sequence stars on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram tend to
Increase in magnitude as size decreases
Increase in magnitude as surface temperature increases
Increase in surface temperature as size decreases
Remain unchanged as surface temperature increases
A 2

8. B. Increase in magnitude as surface temperature increases

9. hotter and less luminous b. hotter and more luminous
Compared to the surface temperature and luminosity of massive stars in the Main Sequence, the smaller stars in the Main Sequence are?
hotter and less luminous
b. hotter and more luminous
c. cooler and less luminous
d. cooler and more luminous.
A 3

10. c. cooler and less luminous

11. According to the diagram , what is the relationship of temperature
to luminosity for main sequence stars? a.
Higher temperature indicates higher luminosity. b.
Lower temperature indicates higher luminosity. c.
Lower temperature indicates lower luminosity. d.
There is no relationship.
A 4

12. a. Higher temperature indicates higher luminosity.

13. According to the diagram, what is the relationship between temperature and mass?
The greater the mass the lower the luminosity
White dwarfs have high luminosity
The greater the mass the greater the luminosity
There is no relationship.
A 5

14. D. There is no relationship

15. The production of heavy elements above the mass of Fe occurs in
a. Main sequence stars.
b. Black holes.
c. Supernovas.
d. Red giants. B1

16. C. Supernovas. B1

17. A massive star supernova could leave behind a. a planetary nebula.
b. a neutron star.
c. a white dwarf.
d. a magnesium core. B2

18. B. a neutron star. B2

19. The first stage of a star is called a a. Protostar b. White dwarf
c. Red giant
d. Neutron star B3

20. A. Protostar B3

21. What is the relationship between the mass of a star and its lifetime?
a. There is no relationship between mass and lifetime
b. As mass increases, lifetime increases
c. As mass increases, lifetime decreases
d. As mass increases, lifetime remains constant B4

22. C. As mass increases,
lifetime decreases B4

23. What element is formed in the core of a massive star just before the star explodes in a supernova?
a. Iron
b. Silicon
c. Carbon
d. Helium B5

24. a. iron B5

25. a. The Moon has a smaller mass than the Earth.
The gravitational constant on the Moon is smaller than on the Earth because
a. The Moon has a smaller mass than the Earth.
b. The Moon is farther from the Sun.
c. The Earth less dense than the Moon.
d. The Moon’s radius is greater than that of Earth’s. C1

26. a. The Moon has a smaller mass than the EarthC1

27. When the mass of an object is doubled, the force of gravity will...
a. decrease by a factor of 2
b. increase by a factor of 2
c. Remain unchanged
d. Cannot be determined . C2

28. increase by a factor of 2
(could you answer a question about increasing or decreasing the distance?) C2

29. Why doesn’t a satellite in orbit
strike the Earth? a.
It’s beyond the reach of Earth’s gravity. b.
In space, objects don’t weigh anything. c.
The effect of the moon’s gravity pulls it away. d.
Earth’s gravity is balanced by the satellite’s outward motion. C3

30. d. Earth’s gravity is balanced by the satellite’s outward motion

31. a. The gravitational force would remain the same.
What would happen to the gravitational force if the Earth were not spinning?
a. The gravitational force would remain the same.
b. The gravitational force would be significantly less.
c. Objects on Earth would float away.
d. The gravitational force would be larger. C4

32. a. The gravitational force would remain the same.

33. What factors affect the gravitational force?
A. rotation and revolution.
B. density and volume.
C. rotation and mass.
D. mass and distance. C5

34. D. Mass and distance C5

35. Scientist believe that the sun formed about 5 billion years ago from
a. A black hole
b. A nuclear fusion reaction
c. A nebular cloud of dust and gas
d. A supernova D1

36. C. A nebular cloud of dust and gas

37. The Big Bang Theory is used to explain the a. Formation of stars
b. Movement of continental plates
c. Moon's movement around the sun
d. Formation of the universe . D2

38. d. Formation of the universe

39. a. The star is moving toward the earth
The light from a distant star appears to be shifted toward the red end of the spectrum(a red shift). Which of the following can you conclude?
a. The star is moving toward the earth
b. The star is moving away from the earth
c. The star is neither moving toward or away from the earth
d. The star is a red giant D3

40. b. The star is moving away from the earthD3

41. The Nebula Theory states
The solar system was formed ̴ 15 billion years ago in a cloud of gas and dust
The universe was formed ̴ 15 billion years ago in a cloud of gas and dust
The solar system was formed ̴ 4.5 billion years ago in a cloud of gas and dust
The universe was formed ̴ 4.5 billion years ago in a cloud of gas and dust D4

42. c. The solar system was formed ̴ 4
c. The solar system was formed ̴ 4.5 billion years ago in a cloud of gas and dust D4

43. Which of the following list from smallest to largest?
Universe →solar system → galaxy
Galaxy universe → solar system
Solar system → universe → galaxy
Solar system → galaxy → universe D5

44. D. Solar system → galaxy → universe

45. Which process takes place in a fusion reaction?
Protons become neutrons.
Heavier nuclei form lighter nuclei.
Light nuclei form heavy nuclei.
Neutrons become protons. E1

46. c. Lighter nuclei form heavier nuclei.

47. In the diagram , if we call
gravitational force exerted on the apple action, what is the reaction force according to Newton’s 3rd law?
a. It is the apple gravitationally pulling on the Earth.
b. It is the apple pressing on the table.
c. The apple exerts no reaction force.
d. It is the table supporting the apple. E2

48. A. It is the apple gravitationally pulling on the Earth.

49. Keeping Kepler’s 2nd law in mind, which diagram below best represents the positions of the planet in its orbit that would produce the gravitational forces shown in the data table? a. 1. b.
2 . c. 3. d. 4. E3

50. b. 2 E3

51. a. The gravitational force would remain constant.
What would happen to the gravitational force if the Earth had no atmosphere?
a. The gravitational force would remain constant.
b. The gravitational force would be smaller.
c. Objects on Earth would float away.
d. The gravitational force would be larger. E4

52. a. The gravitational force would remain constant.

53. a. NaCl → Na+ + Cl- + energy b. H2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O + energy
Which of the following equations represent a fusion reaction within a star?
a. NaCl → Na+ + Cl- + energy
b. H2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O + energy
c. He + He + He → Carbon + energy
d. NaOH → Na+ + OH- + energy E5

54. c. He + He + He → Carbon + energy

55. B. They changed their diets. C. They hid in marine sediments.
Index fossils help scientists estimate the age of a rock because index fossil species only existed for a relatively short time. What happened to the species that are now used as index fossils?
A. They became extinct.  
B. They changed their diets.  
C. They hid in marine sediments.  
D. They migrated to new environments.  F1

56. A. They became extinct. F1

57. The number of animal species increased.
Evidence suggests that 3.5 billion years ago the atmosphere of Earth had almost no oxygen gas. Approximately 1.8 billion years ago, the oxygen concentration is thought to have increased to 15%. Today the oxygen concentration is 20%. What most likely happened between 3.5 and 1.8 billion years ago to increase the amount of oxygen?
The number of animal species increased.
The amount of water on Earth increased.
The number of photosynthetic plant species increased.
The amount of solar radiation reaching Earth increased. F2

58. C. The number of photosynthetic plant species increased.

59. b. Can be dated using carbon-14. c. Lacks fossils.
A volcanic ash layer is considered a good time marker for correlating rocks because a volcanic ash layer
a. Has a darker color.
b. Can be dated using carbon-14.
c. Lacks fossils.
d. Was rapidly deposited over a wide area. F3

60. D. Was rapidly deposited over a wide area.F3

61. Principle of Uniformitarianism Law of Superposition
Which geological idea allows scientists to estimate the age of fossils based on their positions in rock layers?
Principle of Uniformitarianism
Law of Superposition
Continental Drift Hypothesis
Theory of plate tectonics F4

62. B. Law of Superposition F4

63. The half life of thorium-234 is 24 days
The half life of thorium-234 is 24 days. If a piece of wood contained 16 grams of thorium -234 at the time it was cut, how many grams of thorium-234 will be present in the wood 96 days later? 8 4 2 1 F5

64. d. 1 F5