1. Populations

2. Populations
Population- A group of organisms of the same species that live in a particular area.
Three important characteristics of a population are its geographic distribution, density, and growth rate.

3. POPULATIONS
Population Growth- the change in the size of a population with time.
Population Density- is the number of individuals per unit area.
Geographic Density is how the population is distributed.

4. POPULATION SIZE Three factors can affect population size.
Number of births
Number of deaths
Number of organisms that enter or exit the population

5. POPULATION SIZE
Immigration- The movement of organisms into a population.
Emigration- The movement of organisms out of a population.

6. POPULATION GROWTH
Exponential growth- occurs when the individuals in a population reproduce at an ever increasing rate.

7. POPULATION GROWTH
Linear Growth- increase of a population at a constant rate.

8. Maintaining a Balance
For a population to survive, a balance must exist between producers/consumers, predator/prey, growth and decay, water use and rainfall…etc.

9. Limiting Factors
Limiting Factors- Any condition of the environment that limits the size of a population.
Some can happen naturally and some are caused by humans.
Ex: Food, water, shelter and space availability, Predation, Climate, Disease, Pollution, Competition,….

10. HUMAN IMPACT Humans have disrupted this balance through….
Building of roads, industry, homes
Pollution
Hunting/poaching
Global Warming, Excess CO2

12. Carrying Capacity
The number of organisms a given ecosystem can support.
S-shaped curve

13. Predicting Carrying Capacity
Because ecosystems change, carrying capacity is difficult to predict and calculate
However, islands are the ideal place to study (clear boundaries)

14. Rabbits in Australia no rabbits in native ecosystems of Australia
introduced in 1859
number increased rapidly plenty of vegetation; no predators; no competition
disease and starvation caused the rabbit pop. to crash
over time, vegetation recovered and rabbit pop. increased again
continues to increase and decrease, but less dramatically

17. Rabbits reduced Phillip Island to a wasteland
Rabbits reduced Phillip Island to a wasteland. Photos: Department of the Environment and Heritage
Recovery was spectacular after the rabbits were eradicated Photos: Department of the Environment and Heritage

19. Reindeer near Alaska
25 reindeer introduced to one of Pribilof Islands near Alaska in 1911
by 1938, herd had grown to 2,000
reindeer ate mostly lichens, which grow back very slowly
by 1950, only 8 reindeer alive on the island

22. Predator/Prey This is an example of a predator/prey relationship.
As one increases the other will as a result decrease.….which in turns causes the other to decrease.
A normal cycle

23. Two Types of Population Regulation
Cause of death may be density dependent or density independent

24. Density Dependent Factors
Density Dependent Factors have an increasing effect as populations increases
deaths are caused due to density (population too many)

25. Density Dependent Factors
Competition,
Predation
Parasitism
Disease
Crowding

26. Population is growing rapidly and there are limited resources, predation,
or disease

27. Density Independent Factors
Density Independent Factors are factors that affect a population or cause death regardless of density.
Severe weather, natural disasters, etc. cause death that did not result due to density.

28. DEMOGRAPHY DEMOGRAPHY- The study of population.
You can study charts of the age structure of a population and determine if it is growing or not.

29. Human Population

33. HUMAN POPULATION Currently at 6.5 Billion People Growing Exponentially
Industrial Revolution and Agriculture advancements are the reason for the drastic increase since the 1800’s
The population trends differ depending on Developing and Developed Countries.

34. Developed Countries Higher Average Incomes Slower Population Growth
Diverse Industrial Economies
Stronger social support
Uses a large % of available resources
Ex: US, Canada, Japan, and countries of Western Europe

35. Developing Countries Lower Average Incomes
Simpler and agriculture-based economies
Rapid Population Growth
Uses small % of available resources
Ex: Indonesia and
countries in Africa.