1. Preparing to teach mathematics
4/6/2017 3:16 AM
Preparing to teach mathematics
Shepway Teaching Schools Alliance
31a Folkestone Enterprise Centre,
Shearway Road, Folkestone CT19 4RH
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website:
31b Folkestone Enterprise Centre, Shearway Road, Folkestone CT19 4RH. Website:

2. Finding rules and patterns - NIM
A game for two players
Start with 20 counters
Each player can remove 1,2,3, counters in turn
The loser is the person who picks up the last counter.
Nim probably originated in China, the current name of this game is a loan word from German verb Nimm – to take).The theory of the game was discovered by a maths professor at havard Uni 1901.
Nim is a simple game with finite possibilities, however there is a tremendous variety in the games implementation.
Versions of Nim can be played with from one to at least a dozen row and the number of counters in a row can very from one to as many as two dozen. Some versions require winner takes last object, others involve winner avoids taking last object.
My version (from Carol Vorderman’s book)
Look for number pattern 1,5,9,13, 17 – if you leave your partner with this number of counters you are sure to win.

3. We are preparing you to teach mathematics by :
Discussing the importance of subject knowledge and pedagogical knowledge in the teaching and learning of mathematics
Considering the importance of early counting for all learners
Considering how arithmetic can be taught through using and applying activities

4. New standards: Standard 3
Demonstrate good subject and curriculum knowledge
have a secure knowledge of the relevant subject(s) and curriculum areas, foster and maintain pupils’ interest in the subject, and address misunderstandings
demonstrate a critical understanding of developments in the subject and curriculum areas, and promote the value of scholarship
if teaching early mathematics, demonstrate a clear understanding of appropriate teaching strategies.

5. The Aims of The New Curriculum
The latest draft National Curriculum for mathematics aims to ensure all pupils:
become fluent in the fundamentals of mathematics, including through varied and frequent practice with increasingly complex problems over time, so that pupils have conceptual understanding and are able to recall and apply their knowledge rapidly and accurately to problems
reason mathematically by following a line of enquiry, conjecturing relationships and generalisations, and developing an argument, justification or proof using mathematical language
can solve problems by applying their mathematics to a variety of routine and non-routine problems with increasing sophistication, including breaking down problems into a series of simpler steps and persevering in seeking solutions.
These three aims should not be lost in the detail of the programmes of study. The new draft seeks to strengthen these aims.
These aims come from research carried out by the DfE into high performing jurisdictions

6. Conceptual Understanding
BALANCE
Procedural Fluency
Conceptual Understanding
Talk about how there needs to be a balance of the two, but more so than this, the two need to be integrated.
Many schools are doing either one or the other well but few are doing both, this is the challenge
Is this the right image – discuss and see the next slide. We want to emphasise the integration
INTEGRATION 6

7. Fluency
The government wishes to continue to emphasise fluency, but this should not be understood to mean “rote learning without understanding”.....conceptual understanding is clearly important and ..any emphasis on practice needs to be a part of achieving that understanding.
Stefano Pozzi Mathematics in School May 2013 p2

8. Many secondary teachers
Pedagogy
Classroom practice
Many secondary teachers
Many primary teachers
The best teachers
Subject knowledge
Lisa
OfSTED (2008) Understanding the Score

9. Make a list of things 1) Children need to know in order to calculate
32 –

10. Principles of Counting Gelman and Gallistel (1986)
One to one principle – giving each item in a set a different counting word. Synchronising saying words and pointing.
Stable order principle - Keeping track of objects counted knowing that numbers stay in the same order.
Cardinal principle – recognising that the number associated with last object touched is the total number of object. The answer to ‘how many?’
Abstraction principle - recognising small numbers without counting them and counting things you cannot move or touch.
Order irrelevance principle - counting objects of different sizes and recognising that if a group of objects is rearranged then the number of them remains the same.

11. Lisa

12. Lisa 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100

13. 0-99 or 1-100 Midge Pasternack http://www. atm. org2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
100
1-100 rules OK Ian Thompson 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
Jigsaw: Cut up into pieces to make a jigsaw for the children to reassemble. Increase the number of pieces to make it harder.
Inkblots Number grid
Total 100: Find pairs of numbers on the hundred square that total 100. How many different pairs can you find? How could you organise your answers so that you know you have found all of the possible ways? Consecutive numbers: Circle three numbers next to each other in a row. Find their total. Repeat for other groups of three consecutive numbers. What do all of the answers have in common? Try to explain why this happens.
Predictions: Cover the multiples of 3 up to 30. Use the pattern to predict whether the number 52 will be in the sequence. Try predicting other numbers. How do you know? How could you check your answer? Repeat the activity using different multiples
Squares:
Draw a 2 by 2 square on the hundred square.
Add the numbers in opposite corners.What do you notice? Is it the same for different 2 by 2 squares?Now multiply the numbers in opposite corners. What do you notice this time? Is it always true?
1-100 grid
cardinal model
Better representation of complements to 10 and 100
1–100 square shows all two-digit numbers as comprising the number of rows denoted by the first digit plus the number of individual squares denoted by the second
● Counting
● 1–10 number strip
● 1–100 square
● 0–99 square
● Number line
● Empty number line.
0-99
Represents ordinal model
‘0’ is given a prominent position, and children can learn early on about whole numbers (rather than counting numbers) and
, place value, a concept very difficult for many, can be illustrated.
rounding is easier to understand
Subtraction eg

14. Common errors in counting in KS1
Counting one, two, three then any number name or other name to represent many
Number names not remembered in order
Counting not co-ordinated with partition
Count does not stop appropriately
Counts an item more than once or not at all
Does not recognise final number of count as how many objects there are
Counting the start number when ‘counting on’ rather than the intervals (jumps) when ‘counting on’ on a number line.

15. Common errors in counting in KS2
when counting on or back, include the given number in their counting rather than starting from the next or previous number or counting the ‘jumps’;
Difficulty counting from starting numbers other than zero and when counting backwards;
understand the patterns of the digits within a decade, e.g. 30, 31, 32, ..., 39 but struggle to recall the next multiple of 10 (similarly for 100s);
Know how to count on and count back but not understand which is more efficient for a given pair of numbers (e.g by counting on from 19 but 22-3 by counting back 3);
Not understanding how place value applies to counting in decimals e.g. 0.8, 0.9, 0.10, 0.11 rather than 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1;
Counting upwards in negative numbers as -1, -2, -3 … rather than -3, -2, -1…

17. Be Nasty Draw a grid big enough for digit cards Player Hundreds Tens
Units (ones)
Player 1
Player 2
Lisa

18. Be Nasty
LO: To use knowledge of place value to order numbers up to 1000
Rules
Shuffle the number cards place face down in a stack
Take turns to pick up a number card. You can place your number card on your own HTU line or on your partner’s HTU line.
The aim is to make your own number as close as possible to the target – and to stop your partner making a number closer to the target.
Take it in turns to go first.

19. Be Nasty Largest number Smallest number Nearest to 500
Nearest to a multiple of 10
Nearest to a multiple of 5
Nearest to a square number
Nearest any century
Lowest even number
Nearest odd number to 350

20. From Counting to Addition: 2 + 3 = 5
Count all
Count on from first
Count on from larger
Count on from either
Known fact
Derived facts
1,2...1,2,3..1,2,3,4,5
3,4,5
4,5 3,4,5 or 4,5 5
2+3 =5 so 3+3 =6 and =2
Carpenter and Moser (1983)

21. What’s the difference between…..?
Tom had two sweets and John had three
sweets how many did they have altogether?
Tom had two sweets and bought three more. How many sweets does he have now?

22. Conceptual structures for addition
Aggregation - combining of two or more quantities (How much/many altogether? What is the total?
Tom had two sweets
and John had three
sweets how many
did they have altogether?
Augmentation – where one quantity is increased by some amount (increase by)
Tom had two sweets and bought two more. How many sweets does he have now

23. Conceptual structures for subtraction
Partition/change/take away - Where a quantity is partitioned off in some way and subtraction is required to calculate how many or how much remains. (Take away, How many left? How many are/do not?)
Tom had five sweets,
John ate three sweets. How
many sweets did Tom have left?
Comparison – a comparison is made between two quantities. (How any more?
How many less/fewer? How
much greater? How much
smaller? Tom had 5 sweets, John
had three sweets. How many more
sweets did Tom have than John?

24. From Counting to Subtraction: 9 – 4 = 5
Ian Thompson (1997) Teaching and Learning Early Number, OUP
Count out:
Count back from:
Count back to:
Count up to:
Recall of known number facts
Use derived facts:
Hold up 9 fingers (1, 2, 3, ...., 9) and fold down 4 (1, 2, 3, 4). Count the remaining 5 fingers (1, 2, 3, 4, 5).
Count back 4 numbers from 9: ‘8, 7, 6, 5’
Count back from first number to second saying: ‘8, 7, 6, 5, 4’ and tallying the numbers said (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
Count on from 4 up to 9: ‘5, 6, 7, 8, 9’
to 10, 20 …, ways of making 100, 1000 e.g = 15 so = 14

25. Conceptual structures for multiplication
Repeated addition - ‘so many sets of’ or ‘so many lots of’
This is four lots of two this is written as 2 x 4
Scaling structure – increasing a quantity by a scale factor (doubling, so many times bigger...so many times as much as). Tom has three times as many sweets as John.
John Tom

26. Conceptual structures for division
Equal sharing- (shared between, divided by) There are 8 sweets shared between four children. How many sweets do they get each?
Equal grouping - I want to buy 8 sweets they come in packs of two . How many packs must I buy.

27. Calculation laws Commutative law - axb = bxa and a+b = b+a
eg 3 x 4 = 4 x 3 =
Associative law - (axb) x c = a x (bxc)
eg 24 x 6 = (4x6) x 6 = 4x (6x6)
(5 + 7) + 3 = 5 + (7 + 3)
Distributive law or partitioning (a+b) x c
eg 12 x 7 = (10 x 7) + ( 2 x 7)
and 84 ÷ 7 = (70 ÷ 7) + (14 ÷ 7)

29. Introduction to reasoning

30. Magic squares
Using the digits 1- 9 arrange them in the 3 x 3 grid so that each row, column and diagonal adds up to the same amount.
What would happen if you added two to each number - would the square still be magic? What could you tell you partner about the magic square now.
What learning was going on? In pairs or small groups, consider the magic square activity in relation to Skemp’s theory of relational and instrumental understanding. 30

31. Bruner (1961) Discovery Learning
Based on constructivist learning theory and problem solving.
Learner actively constructs knowledge and skills rather than passively receiving knowledge from a teacher/text book or equivalent.
Learning is more effective when a student is actively engaged in the learning process
Pupils retain knowledge and have deeper understanding if they discover it for themselves
learning builds upon prior knowledge and understanding
Pedagogical aims:
Promote "deep" learning
Promote meta-cognitive skills (develop problem-solving skills, creativity, independent learning , evaluation)
Promote student engagement.

32. Developing higher order thinking
Bloom's Taxonomy is a hierarchy of skills that reflects growing complexity and ability to use higher-order thinking skills (HOTS).
Bloom, B.S. (Ed.) (1956) Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals: Handbook I, cognitive domain. New York ; Toronto: Longmans, Green.
Higher order thinking skills are not just abot mathematical content knowledge. Just as it is possible to engage in very hard questions that involve a high level of content knowledge but very problem solving skills it is also possible to engage in activities that only need a low level of mathematical content knowledge. In the former you are going to need well tuned knowledge level skills and in the latter HOTS

33. How can we encourage higher order thinking skills?
If children spend most of their time practising paper and pencil skills on worksheet exercises, they are likely to become faster at executing these skills.
If they spend most of their time watching the teacher demonstrate methods for solving special kinds of problems, they are likely to become better at imitating these methods on similar problems.
If they spend most of their time reflecting on how various ideas and procedures are the same or different, on how what they already know relates to the situations they encounter, they are likely to build new relationships. That is, they are likely to construct new understandings.
Skemp instrumental and relational understanding (1976)
Ryan & Williams surface and deep understanding (2007)
Hiebert ( 1993)

34. Designing mathematical tasks
Mathematical reasoning, even more so than children’s knowledge of arithmetic, is important for children’s later achievement in mathematics (Nunes et al 2009 p.3)
Nunes et al (2009) define reasoning as ‘learning to reason about the underlying relations mathematical problems they have to solve’

35. But surely only the most able children can reason…….
“If teachers consider that tasks involving mathematics thinking are suitable for ‘high attainers’ then the result may be that ‘low attainers’ are given a diet of routine and repetitive tasks on which they have already demonstrated their low attainment. But if all learners are treated as possessing the powers necessary to think mathematically, and if those powers are evoked, developed and refined, the so called ‘low attainers’ can transcend expectations (Mason and Johnston-Wilder ( )

36. Sudoko As a group on the floor with laminated shape cards
Or in pairs with small cards
Lisa, I have a bag of resources which I will bring so at this point we can share ideas. Can you bring your one is a snail book please.

37. 1 2 3 4

39. x 32 40 49 22 15 27 24 42
Fit into the purple boxes: 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12
One number has to be used twice! Which one? Why?

40. Always Sometimes never
Shepway Teaching Schools Alliance, Unit 31a Folkestone Enterprise Centre, Shearway Road, Folkestone CT19 4RH

41. EYFS
How many different patterns of dots can you make with five dots?
Year 1
When you add two numbers, you can change the order of the numbers and the answer will be the same
You can make 4 different two digit numbers with the digits 2 and 3: 23, 32, 22, 33
When you add 10 to a number the units digit stays the same.
Year 2
When you subtract ten from a number, the units digit stays the same
You can add 9 to a number by adding 10 and subtracting 1
All even numbers end in 0, 2, 4, 6, 8
If you have 3 digits, and use each one exactly once in a three digit number, you can make 6 different three digit numbers

42. Questioning
‘The subtle art of questioning is the art of teaching. In a real sense, learning to teach is learning to ask questions.’
Tanner and Jones (2000)

43. Improving your questioning
Examples of open-ended questions that invite children to think include
What do you think…………?
How do you know………….?
Why do you think that………..?
Do you have a reason………..?
Is this always so……….?
Is there another way/reason/idea…………..?
What if………….? What if…….does not…..?
Where is there another example of this…..?
What do you think happens next?

44. Instead of
Find the perimeter of a 3x8 rectangle
You could ask
If the area of a rectangle is 24cm2 what is the perimeter?
Improve these Questions
A chew costs 3p and a lolly costs 7p. What do they cost together?
What is 6- 4?
Is 16 an even number?
What are 4 threes?
What is this shape called?

45. Effective questioning strategies to promote thinking
Sequencing a set of questions
Pitching appropriately
Distributing questions around the class
Prompting and probing
Listening and responding positively – inviting further questions
Challenging right as well as wrong and underdeveloped answers
Using written questions effectively.