1. Body In Action
Revision

2. Movement

3. The skeleton is required for:
Muscle attachment
Support
Protection
Ribs  Heart & Lungs
Skull  Brain
Vertebrae  Spinal Cord

4. Bone is made up of: Hard minerals – Calcium phosphate
Flexible fibres – living bone cells

5. Joints can be: Ball & Socket  Hip / shoulder Hinge  Knee / Elbow
Allows movement in 3 planes
Hinge  Knee / Elbow
Allows movement in 1 plane

6. Synovial Joints - Credit
Freely movable joints
Structure
Function
Ligament
Holds BONES together
Cartilage
Reduces friction & acts as a shock absorber
Synovial Membrane
Secretes synovial fluid
Synovial Fluid
Lubricant which reduces friction.

8. Muscles & Movement Muscles bring about movement in the body.
Muscles can only contract or relax – they cannot make themselves longer.

9. Muscles Muscles are attached to bones by inelastic tendons
They must be inelastic so that when a muscle contracts they pull on the bone!!

10. Antagonistic Pairs - Credit
Muscles must work in pairs.
When one muscle contracts the other relaxes allowing the joint to move.
To straighten the joint the opposite muscles contract and relax.

12. The Need for Energy

13. Energy In Food Energy in food is measured in KILOJOULES.
The amount of energy required by a person depends on
Size Age
Sex Activity levels
Weight Loss Weight Gain
Energy Imbalance

14. Comparing Inhaled & Exhaled Air
Inhaled Air
High Oxygen
Low Carbon Dioxide
Exhaled Air
Low Oxygen
High Carbon Dioxide
During Aerobic Respiration oxygen is used up and carbon dioxide is produced.

15. The Respiratory System

16. The trachea ( windpipe) is supported by rings of cartilage.
Mucus catches dirt & bacteria and is carried to the top of the trachea by cilia.
The mucus is then swallowed.

17. Breathing
Breathing is brought about by the muscles of the ribs (intercostal muscles) and the diaphram contracting & relaxing.
During inspiration the volume of the chest cavity increases and air rushes in to fill the space.
During expiration the volume of the chest decreases and air is pushed out.

19. Gas Exchange Gas exchange takes place in the alveoli (air sacs)
To allow effiecient gas exchange the alveoli have a:
Large surface area
Moist surface
Good blood supply
Thin lining

21. The Circulatory System
The heart is a muscular pump
Pumps blood around the body
Supplies all cells with
Food
Oxygen
Removes wastes
Carbon dioxide

22. Structure of the heart Valves prevent the backflow of blood
The muscle of the left side is much thicker as it must pump blood all around the body.
The muscle on the right
side is thinner. It only pumps
blood to the lungs

23. The Circulatory System – Blood Flow

24. Blood Vessels Arteries Veins Capillaries thick, muscular walls
carry high pressure blood away from the heart
Veins
thin, stretchy, muscular walls
return low pressure blood to the heart
Valves prevent backflow of blood
Capillaries
tiny blood vessels
connect arteries and veins
carry blood to the cells of the body

25. The Coronary Artery
Leads from the aorta - supplies blood to heart muscle.
Blockage can result in a heart attack

26. The Blood Blood is made up of:
Plasma – liquid which carries cells and dissolved substances
Red blood cells – carry oxygen
White blood cells – fight infection
Platelets – help clot blood

27. Gas Exchange
As blood flows through capillaries oxygen diffuses from the blood into the cells.
Carbon dioxide from the cells diffuses into the blood and is carried away.
Blood high in
oxygen
Blood high in carbon
dioxide.

28. Capillary Networks
To allow efficient gas exchange the capillary network has:
A large surface area
Very thin cell walls

29. Haemoglobin Red blood cells contain haemoglobin.
This combines with oxygen in the lungs to form oxyhaemoglobin.
As the blood passes through cells which have low oxygen levels the oxyhaemoglobin releases the oxygen which can then be used by the cells.

30. Coordination

31. The Eye

32. The structure of the eye:
Cornea - focusing of light.
Lens - fine focuses the light onto the retina
Iris - controls the size of the pupil, controling the amount of light entering the eye. 
Retina - layer of light sensitive cells where an image is formed.
Optic nerve - carries the nerve impulses to the brain.
Blind spot – where the optic nerve meets the retina – no image is formed here.

33. Binocular Vision Using two eyes allows us to judge distance.
This is called binocular vision.

34. The Ear

35. Judging Direction
Using two ears allows us to judge the direction of sound more effectively.

36. Balance
The position of the head can be judged by the position of fluid in the semi – circular canals.

37. The Nervous System The human nervous system is made up of The brain
The spinal cord
The nerves
The brain & spinal cord
make up the central
nervous system (CNS).

38. Functions of parts of the brain
Cerebrum – conscious thought, memory, senses, intelligence, imagination.
Cerebellum – balance & coordination.
Medulla (brain stem) – breathing & heart rate.

39. Nerves
Sensory Neurons carry information from sense organs to the brain.
Information is decoded in the brain.
Motor Neurons carry information back to the body.

40. Reflex Reactions Very quick. Protect the body from harm.
Do not involve conscious thought.
Sneezing
Blinking
Limb withdrawal (eg from heat)

41. The Reflex Arc
Relay nerves in the spinal cord send information from the
sensory neurone straight to the motor neurone

42. Changing Levels of Performance

43. Muscle Fatigue
Muscle fatigue occurs due to the build up of lactic acid in muscles that are exercising.
Lack of oxygen results in anaerobic respiraton which causes lactic acid to form.

44. Anaerobic Respiration
Only a little energy is released.
During rest oxygen is needed to remove the lactic acid formed.
This is known as the ‘oxygen debt’.

45. Exercise Exercise causes the heart rate & breathing rate to increase.
Allows more blood carrying sugar & oxygen to be supplied to muscles.
The time taken for these to return to normal following exercise is the RECOVERY TIME.

46. Fitter people have a shorter recovery time than unfit people.
They also have lower levels of lactic acid production.
Recovery time can be improved by regular exercise