2. Source: A. Mason-Jones, PhD thesis Cardiff University (2010) Moving Mesh ApproachTime-averaged Approach

14. 0.5m 0.25m 1.4m 0.5m 1.54m 0.84m 0.17m 0.84m 0.17m

18. P∞P∞ P WAKE P 95% P∞P∞

19. k-epsilon Eddy viscosity from single length scale Turbulent diffusion occurs only at specified scale RNG k-epsilon Account for different scales of motion k-omega Viscous sub-layer flows Adverse pressure gradients and separating flows

20. Shear Stress Transport (SST) k-ω near boundary k-ε in free-stream Adverse pressure gradients & separating flows Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) Reynolds Stresses directly computed Directional effects of Reynolds stress fields More suitable for anisotropic turbulence

39. Turbulence Models affect Hydrodynamics Lack of Measured Data for Validation Possibly better represent turbulence