1. Professor A G Constantinides 1 Z - transform Defined as power series Examples:

2. Professor A G Constantinides 2 Z - transform And since We get

3. Professor A G Constantinides 3 Z - transform Define  +ve and = 1  +ve and > 1  +ve and < 1

4. Professor A G Constantinides 4 Z - transform We have ie Note that has a pole at on the z-plane.

5. Professor A G Constantinides 5 Z - transform Note: (i) If magnitude of pole is > 1 then increases without bound (ii) If magnitude of pole is < 1 then has a bounded variation i.e. the contour on the z-plane is of crucial significance. It is called the Unit circle

6. Professor A G Constantinides 6 The unit circle 1 1

7. Professor A G Constantinides 7 Z – transform properties (i) Linearity The z-transform operation is linear Z Where Z, i = 1, 2 (ii) Shift Theorem Z

8. Professor A G Constantinides 8 Z - transform Let Z But for negative i.....

9. Professor A G Constantinides 9 Z - transform Examples: (i) Consider generation of new discrete time signal from via Recall linearity and shift (ii) Z write

10. Professor A G Constantinides 10 Z - transform From With from earlier result We obtain Z Z

11. Professor A G Constantinides 11 Inverse Z - transform Given F(z) to determine. Basic relationship is may be obtained by power series expansion. It suffers from cumulative errors

12. Professor A G Constantinides 12 Inverse Z - transform Alternatively Use for m = -1 otherwise where closed contour  encloses origin

13. Professor A G Constantinides 13 Inverse Z - transform Integrate to yield Examples (i) write

14. Professor A G Constantinides 14 Inverse Z - transform And hence Pole at of Residue (ii)Let where and To determine

15. Professor A G Constantinides 15 Inverse Z - transform From inversion formula But

16. Professor A G Constantinides 16 Inverse Z - transform Hence Thus

17. Professor A G Constantinides 17 Inverse Z - transform Note: (i) For causal signals for negative i. Thus upper convolution summation limit is in this case equal to k. (ii) Frequency representation of a discrete- time signal is obtained from its z-transform by replacing where T is the sampling period of interest. (Justification will be given later.)