1. Professor Z. GHASSEMLOOY
Free Space Optical
Communications
Professor Z. GHASSEMLOOY
Associate Dean for Research
Optical Communications Research Group,
School of Computing, Engineering and Information Sciences
The University of Northumbria
Newcastle, U.K.

2. Northumbria University at Newcastle, UK2

3. Outline Introduction to FSO FSO Results Final remarks Applications
Issues
Results
Simulation
Experimental
Final remarks 3

4. Free Space Optical
(FSO)
Communications

5. When Did It All Start?
800BC Fire beacons (ancient Greeks and Romans)
150BC Smoke signals (American Indians)
1791/ Semaphore (French)
Alexander Graham Bell demonstrated the photophone1 – 1st FSO (THE GENESIS) (
1960s Invention of laser and optical fibre
1970s FSO mainly used in secure military applications
1990s to date Increased research & commercial use due to successful trials
1Alexander Graham Bell, "On the production and reproduction of sound by light," American Journal of Sciences, Series 3, pp , Oct 5

6. The Problem? ….. BANDWIDTH when and where required.
AND THAT IS ?
….. BANDWIDTH when and where required.
Over the last 20 years deployment of optical fibre cables in the backbone
and metro networks have made huge bandwidth readily available to
within one mile of businesses/home in most places.
But, HUGE BANDWIDTH IS STILL NOT AVAILABLE TO THE END
USERS. 6

7. FSO - Features No trenches No electromagnetic interference
Used in the following protocols: Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, FDDI, ATM, Optical Carriers (OC)-3, 12, 24, and 48.
Complements other access network technologies
No license fee
Huge bandwidth similar to fibre
No multipath fading – Intensity modulation and direct detection
Secure
transmission
Quick to install; only takes few hours
Requires no right of way
Achievable range limited by thick fog to ~500m
Over 3 km in clear atmosphere
steering and tracking capabilities

8. Access Network Bottleneck
(Source: NTT) 8 8 8

9. Cellular Network Bottleneck
Microwave radio links (installed or leased)
More than one BS is connected to MSN
PTSN
Switching centre
Backhaul “last mile”
Microwave link RF
Core network BS MU
Mobile switching
node

10. Medium capacity microwave link
Cellular Network Bottleneck
Medium capacity microwave link
BS C
High capacity
microwave link
BS B
Hub BS
Mobile
switching
node
Optical fibre
BS A

11. Hub
Core BS
“Regional”
BACKHAUL
“Last mile”
MSN
Iran 2008

12. Plaintree Systems Inc.

14. 2009 MRV

15. Access Network Technology
xDSL
Copper based (limited bandwidth)- Phone and data combine
Availability, quality and data rate depend on proximity to service provider’s
C.O.
Radio link
Spectrum congestion (license needed to reduce interference)
Security worries (Encryption?)
Lower bandwidth than optical bandwidth
At higher frequency where very high data rate are possible, atmospheric
attenuation(rain)/absorption(Oxygen gas) limits link to ~1km
Cable
Shared network resulting in quality and security issues.
Low data rate during peak times
FTTx
Expensive
Right of way required - time consuming
Might contain copper still etc
FSO 15 15

16. FSO - Basics
Cloud
Rain
Smoke
Gases
Temperature variations
Fog and aerosol
PROCESSING
SIGNAL
PHOTO
DETECTOR
DRIVER CIRCUIT
The transmission of optical radiation through the atmosphere obeys the Beer-Lamberts’s law:
Preceive = Ptransmit * exp(-αL)
POINT B
α : Attenuation coefficient
POINT A
This equation fundamentally ties FSO to the
atmospheric weather conditions
Link Range L 16

17. Optical Components – Light Source
Operating Wavelength (nm)
Laser type
Remark
~850
VCSEL
Cheap, very available, no active cooling, reliable up to ~10Gbps
~1300/~1550
Fabry-Perot/DFB
Long life, compatible with EDFA, up to 40Gbps
~10,000
Quantum cascade laser (QCL)
Expensive, very fast and highly sensitive
For indoor applications LEDs are used. 17

18. Optical Components – Detectors
Material/Structure
Wavelength
(nm)
Responsivity
(A/W)
Typical sensitivity
Gain
Silicon PIN
300 – 1100
0.5
155Mbps 1
InGaAs PIN
1000 – 1700
0.9
155Mbps
Silicon APD
400 – 1000 77
150
InGaAs APD 9 10
Quantum –well and Quatum-dot (QWIP&QWIP)
~10,000
Germanium only detectors are generally not used in FSO because of their high dark current. 18

19. Receiver Sensitivity Vs. Detector Area
PIN
APD
-20
-30
-40
-50
0.01
0.1 1 10
100
Sensitivity
(dBm)
Photodiode area (mm ) 2
(155Mbit/s) 19

20. Existing System Specifications
Range: 1-10 km (depend on the data rates)
Power consumption up to 60 W
15 data rate up to 100 mbps and  =780nm, short range
25 date rate up to 150 Mbps and  = 980nm
60 data rate up to 622 Mbps and  = 780nm
40 data rate up to 1.5 Gbps and  = 780nm
Transmitted power: 14 – 20 dBm
Receiver: PIN (lower data rate), APD (>150 mbps)
Beam width: 4-8 mRad
Interface: coaxial cable, MM Fibre, SM Fibre
Safety Classifications: Class 1 M (IEC)
Weight: up to 10 kg 20

21. Safety Classifications - Point Source Emitter
880
1310
1550
0.5mW
2.5mW
8.8mW
45mW
10mW
50mW
class 1 3A 3B
650
1.0
5.0
500 2
0.2
visible
infra-red
Total
power
in a 5cm
Lens
(mW)
Wavelength (nm)
Source:BT
indoor
√ with holography √ 21

22. Power Spectra of Ambient Light Sources
Wavelength (m)
Normalised power/unit wavelength
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8 1
1.2
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.5
Sun
Incandescent
x 10
1st window IR
Fluorescent
Pave)amb-light >> Pave)signal (Typically 30 dB with no optical filtering)
2nd window IR 22

23. Cost Comparison 23
Source: 23

26. FSO – System Requirement
Link specifications / data rate
Response time
Timeliness / latency
Data throughput
Reliability
Availability

27. FSO – System Requirement
M. Löschnigg, P. Mandl, E. Leitgeb, 2009

28. Hybrid FSO/RF Wireless Networks
Broadcast RF networks are not scaleable
RF cannot provide very high data rates
RF is not physically secure
High probability of detection/intercept
Not badly affected by fog and snow, affected by rain
A Hybrid FSO/RF Link
- High availability (>99.99%)
- Much higher throughput than RF alone
- For greatest flexibility need unlicensed RF band

29. Video-conference for Tele-medicine CIMIC-purpose and disaster recovery
LOS - Hybrid Systems
Video-conference for Tele-medicine CIMIC-purpose and disaster recovery 29

30. FSO - Applications
In addition to bringing huge bandwidth to businesses /homes FSO also finds applications in :
Hospitals
Multi-campus university
Others:
Inter-satellite communication
Disaster recovery
Fibre communication back-up
Video conferencing
Links in difficult terrains
Temporary links
e.g. conferences
Cellular communication back-haul
FSO challenges… 30 30

31. FSO - Applications
Ring Topology
Star Topology

32. FSO - Challenges To achieve optimal link performance,
Major challenges are due to the effects of:
CLOUD,
RAIN,
SMOKE, GASES,
TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS
FOG & AEROSOL
PROCESSING
SIGNAL
PHOTO
DETECTOR
DRIVER CIRCUIT
To achieve optimal link performance,
system design involves
tradeoffs of the different parameters.
POINT A
POINT B 32
3rd ECAI – Romania, 3-5 July 2009

33. FSO Challenges – Rain & Snow
 = 0.5 – 3 mm
Snow attenuation
Effects
Options
Remarks
Photon absorption
Increase transmit
optical power
Effect not significant
A heavy rainfall of 15 cm/hour causes dB/km loss in optical power
Light snow about 3 dB/km power loss
Blizzard could cause over 60 dB/km power loss 33
3rd ECAI – Romania, 3-5 July 2009 33

34. FSO Challenges - Physical Obstructions Pointing Stability and Swaying Buildings
Effects
Solutions
Remarks
Loss of signal
Multipath induced
Distortions
Low power due to
beam divergence and
spreading
Short term loss of
signal
Spatial diversity
Mesh architectures: using
diverse routes
Ring topology: User’s n/w
become nodes at least one
hop away from the ring
Fixed tracking (short
buildings)
Active tracking (tall buildings)
May be used for
urban areas,
campus etc.
Low data rate
Uses feedback 34
3rd ECAI – Romania, 3-5 July 2009

35. FSO Challenges – Aerosols Gases & Smoke
Effects
Solutions
Remarks
Mie scattering
Photon absorption
Rayleigh scattering
These contribute to signal loss:
Increase transmit
power
Diversity techniques
Effect not severe
Absorption coefficient
Scattering coefficient 35
3rd ECAI – Romania, 3-5 July 2009

36. FSO Challenges - Fog  = 0.01 - 0.05 mm Effects Options Remarks
Using Mie scattering to predict fog attenuations
m and r are the refractive index and radius of the fog droplets, respectively. Qext is the extinction efficiency and n(r) is the modified gamma size distribution of the fog droplets.
Effects
Options
Remarks
Mie scattering
Photon absorption
Increase transmit
optical power
Hybrid FSO/RF
Thick fog limits link
range to ~500m
Safety requirements
limit maximum optical
power 36
3rd ECAI – Romania, 3-5 July 2009 36

37. Fog - Predicted specific attenuation at 10 ºC for moderate continental fog

38. FSO Challenges - Fog Weather condition Precipitation Amount (mm/hr)
Visibility dB
Loss/km
Typical Deployment Range
(Laser link ~20dB margin)
Dense fog
0 m
50 m
122 m
Thick fog
200 m
-59.57
490 m
Moderate fog
Snow
500 m
-20.99
1087 m
Light fog
Snow
Cloudburst
100
770 m 1 km
1565 m 1493 m
Thin fog
Snow
Heavy rain 25
1.9 km 2 km
3238 m 3369 m
Haze
Snow
Medium rain
12.5
2.8 km 4 km
4331 m 5566 m
Light haze
Snow
Light rain
2.5
5.9 km 10 km
7146 m 9670 m
Clear
Snow
Drizzle
0.25
18.1 km 20 km
11468 m m
Very clear
23 km 50 km
12112 m m 38
(H.Willebrand & B.S. Ghuman, 2002.)
3rd ECAI – Romania, 3-5 July 2009 38

39. FSO – Fog Experimental Data
City of Nice – Jan –July 2006
Ref: E Leitgeb et al 2009
Lit
City of Graze – Jan - July

40. FSO Attenuation
3rd ECAI – Romania, 3-5 July 2009

41. FSO Challenges - Others
Background radiation
LOS requirement
Laser safety
Turbulence (scintillation)
3rd ECAI – Romania, 3-5 July 2009

42. FSO Challenges - Turbulence
Effects
Options
Remarks
Irradiance fluctuation
(scintillation)
Image dancing
Phase fluctuation
Beam spreading
Polarisation
fluctuation
Diversity techniques
Forward error control
control
Robust modulation
techniques
Adaptive optics
Coherent detection not
used due to Phase
Significant for long
link range (>1km)
Turbulence and thick
fog do not occur
together
In IM/DD, it results in
deep irradiance
fades that could last
up to ~1-100 μs 42 42

43. Result in deep signal fades that lasts for ~1-100 μs
FSO Challenges - Turbulence
Cause: Atmospheric inhomogeneity / random temperature variation along beam path.  changes in refractive index of the channel
P: Channel pressure, Te: Channel temperature
The atmosphere behaves like prism
of different sizes and refractive indices
Phase and irradiance fluctuation
Result in deep signal fades that lasts for ~ μs
Zones of differing density act as lenses,
scattering light away from its intended path.
Thus, multipath.
Depends on:
Altitude/Pressure, Wind speed,
Temperature and relative beam size.
3rd ECAI – Romania, 3-5 July 2009

44. Turbulence – Channel Models
Comments
Log Normal
Simple; tractable
Weak regime only
I-K
Weak to strong turbulence regime K
Strong regime only
Rayleigh/Negative
Exponential
Saturation regime only
Irradiance PDF:
Gamma-Gamma
All regimes
Irradiance PDF by Andrews et al (2001):
Ix: due to large scale effects;
obeys Gamma distribution
Iy: due to small scale effects;
Kn(.): modified Bessel function
of the 2nd kind of order n
σl2 : Log irradiance variance
(turbulence strength indicator)
Based on the modulation process the received irradiance is
To mitigate turbulence effect we, employ subcarrier modulation
with spatial diversity
3rd ECAI – Romania, 3-5 July 2009

45. Turbulence Effect on OOK
Using optimal maximum a posteriori (MAP) symbol-by-symbol detection with equiprobable OOK data:
The threshold depends on the noise level and turbulence strength 
OOK based FSO requires
adaptive threshold to perform
Optimally. 45
3rd ECAI – Romania, 3-5 July 2009 45

46. SIM – System Block Diagram
DC bias
d(t)
m(t)
m(t)+bo . .
Serial/parallel
converter
Subcarrier
modulator
Summing
circuit
Optical
transmitter
Data in
Atmospheric
channel ir
d’(t)
Parallel/serial
converter
Subcarrier
demodulator
Spatial
diversity
combiner
Photo-
detector
array
Data out . 46
3rd ECAI – Romania, 3-5 July 2009

47. Subcarrier Intensity Modulation
No need for adaptive threshold
To reduce scintillation effects on SIM
Convolutional coding with hard-decision Viterbi decoding (J. P. KIm et al 1997)
Turbo code with the maximum-likelihood decoding (T. Ohtsuki, 2002)
Low density parity check (for burst-error medium):
- Outperform the Turbo-product codes.
- LDPC coded SIM in atmospheric turbulence is reported to achieve a coding gain >20 dB compared with similarly coded OOK (I. B. Djordjevic, et al 2007)
SIM with space-time block code with coherent and differential detection (H. Yamamoto, et al 2003)
However, error control coding introduces huge processing delays and efficiency degradation (E. J. Lee et al, 2004) 47
3rd ECAI – Romania, 3-5 July 2009

48. SIM – Our Contributions
Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) (an array of transmitters/ photodetectors) to mitigate scintillation effect in a IM/DD FSO link
overcomes temporary link blockage by birds and misalignment when combined with a wide laser beamwidth, therefore no need for an active tracking
provides independent aperture averaging with multiple separate aperture system, than in a single aperture where the aperture size has to be far greater than the irradiance spatial coherence distance (few centimetres)
Provides gain and bit-error performance
Efficient coherent modulation techniques (BPSK etc.) - bulk of the signal processing is done in RF that suffers less from scintillation
In dense fog, MIMO performance drops, therefore alternative configuration such as hybrid FSO/RF should be considered
Average transmit power increases with the number of subcarriers, thus may suffers from signal clipping
Inter-modulation distortion
3rd ECAI – Romania, 3-5 July 2009

49. Subcarrier Modulation - Transmitter49
3rd ECAI – Romania, 3-5 July 2009 49

50. SIM - Receiver Photo-current
R = Responsivity, I = Average power,  = Modulation index, m(t) = Subcarrier signal 50
3rd ECAI – Romania, 3-5 July 2009 50

51. Subcarrier Modulation
Performs optimally without adaptive threshold as in OOK
Use of efficient coherent modulation techniques (PSK, QAM etc.)
bulk of the signal processing is done in RF where matured devices like stable,
low phase noise oscillators and selective filters are readily available.
System capacity/throughput can be increased
Outperforms OOK in atmospheric turbulence
Eliminates the use of equalisers in dispersive channels
Similar schemes already in use on existing networks
The average transmit power increases as the number of subcarrier
increases or suffers from signal clipping.
Intermodulation distortion due to multiple subcarrier impairs its
performance
But.. 51
3rd ECAI – Romania, 3-5 July 2009 51

52. SIM - Spatial Diversity
Single-input-multiple-output
Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) 52
3rd ECAI – Romania, 3-5 July 2009

53. SIM - Spatial Diversity
Assuming identical PIN photodetector on each
links, the photocurrent on each link is:
ai is the scaling
factor
Diversity Combining Techniques
Maximum Ratio
Combining (MRC)
[Complex but optimum]
Equal Gain
Combining (EGC)
Selection Combining (SELC). No need for phase information 53
3rd ECAI – Romania, 3-5 July 2009

54. SIM Spatial Diversity – Assumptions Made
The spacing between detectors > the transverse correlation size ρo of the laser radiation, because ρo = a few cm in atmospheric turbulence
The beamwidth at the receiver end is sufficiently broad to cover the entire field of view of all N detectors.
Scintillation being a random phenomenon that changes with time makes the received signal intensity time variant with coherence time o of the order of milliseconds.
With the symbol duration T << o the received irradiance is time invariant over one symbol duration. 54
3rd ECAI – Romania, 3-5 July 2009

55. Subcarrier Modulation - Spatial Diversity
One detector
Two detectors
Three detectors
A typical reduction in intensity fluctuation with spatial diversity
Eric Korevaar et. al
3rd ECAI – Romania, 3-5 July 2009

56. Results and discussions Final remarks
Free Space Optics
Characteristics
Challenges
Turbulence
- Subcarrier intensity multiplexing
- Diversity schemes
Results and discussions
Final remarks
3rd ECAI – Romania, 3-5 July 2009

57. Error Performance – No Spatial Diversity
Normalised SNR at BER of 10-6 against the number of subcarriers for various turbulence levels for BPSK
Increasing the number of
subcarrier/users, results
In increased SNR
SNR gain compared
with OOK
3rd ECAI – Romania, 3-5 July 2009

58. Error Performance – No Spatial Diversity
BPSK BER against SNR for M-ary-PSK for log intensity variance = 0.52
BPSK based subcarrier
modulation is the most
power efficient
3rd ECAI – Romania, 3-5 July 2009 58 58

59. Spatial Diversity Gain
Spatial diversity gain with EGC against Turbulence regime
3rd ECAI – Romania, 3-5 July 2009 59

60. Spatial Diversity Gain for EGC and SeLC
Link margin for SelC is lower
than EGC by ~1 to ~6 dB
Dominated by received irradiance,
reduced by factor N on each link.
BER = 10-6
= Zeros of the nth order
Hermite polynomial
= Weight factor of the nth order
Hermite polynomial
3rd ECAI – Romania, 3-5 July 2009

61. Spatial Diversity Gain for EGC and MRC
BER = 10-6
Most diversity gain
region
The optimal but complex MRC diversity is marginally superior to the practical EGC 61
3rd ECAI – Romania, 3-5 July 2009

62. Delay ≥ Channel coherence time
Temporal Diversity
Retransmission on different subcarriers
Other possibilities: different wavelengths
different polarisations
Delay ≥ Channel coherence time
This process is reversed at the receiver side to recover the data

63. Temporal Diversity Gain
Single delay path is the optimum
BER =10-9
No TDD
1-TDD
2-TDD
3-TDD
5-TDD
Io (dBm)
(no fading: )
-17.17
-19.17
-19.85
-20.13
-20.3
Fading penalty (dB)
9.88
7.88
7.2
6.92
6.75
Diversity gain (dB)
(gain / path)
(0) 2
(2)
2.68
(1.34)
2.96
(0.99)
3.13
(0.63)

64. Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output
By linearly combining the photocurrents using MRC, the individual SNRe on each link 64
3rd ECAI – Romania, 3-5 July 2009

65. MIMO Performance At BER of 10-6:
2 x 2-MIMO requires additional ~0.5 dB of SNR compared with 4-photodetector single transmitter-multiple photodetector system.
4 x 4-MIMO requires ~3 dB and ~0.8 dB lower SNR compared with single transmitter with 4 and 8-photodetectors , respectively.
log intensity variance= 0.52 65
3rd ECAI – Romania, 3-5 July 2009

66. FSO – Turbulence Chamber
Thermometers, T4
Reflecting mirror
Laser Module
(Direct Modulation)
Power = 3mW
λ = 785nm
OOK & BPSK Modulator + Demodulator
Turbulence chamber
PIN Detector + Amplifier
Heaters + Fans
Optical power meter head
Reflecting mirror
BPSK modulator
Carrier MHz
Data rate A few kHz
Turbulence chamber
Dimension 140 x 30 x 30 cm
Temp. range 24oC – 60oC
3rd ECAI – Romania, 3-5 July 2009

67. FSO – With Scintillation Effect
Received mean signal + Noise + Scintillation
Signal Distribution
Gaussian fit
2.93 V
Lognormal fit
Observations
Total fluctuation variance = (V2)
Weak scintillation obeys Lognormal
distribution (variance < 1)
Simulated turbulence is very weak.
3rd ECAI – Romania, 3-5 July 2009

68. FSO – OOK With Scintillation Effect
No scintillation
Received Signal
Threshold position. ith
Received
Transmitted
With scintillation
Received Signal ≈ 400mV p-p
Threshold range
Observation:
The optimum symbol decision position in OOK depends on scintillation level
3rd ECAI – Romania, 3-5 July 2009

69. FSO – BPSK-SIM With Scintillation Effect
Received Signal
No scintillation
Demodulated
No low
Pass filtering
Before
demodulation
Demodulated Signal ≈ 400mV p-p
With scintillation
Observation:
Scintillation does not affect the symbol decision position in BPSK -SIM
3rd ECAI – Romania, 3-5 July 2009

70. FSO Network – Linking Two Universities in Newcastle
Agilent Photonic
Research Lab
Optical nm
Specifications:
4x4 Du-plex communication link (The FlightStrata 155E)
650 nm wavelength
Si APD
Data rate: 155 Mbps
Maximum length: 3.5 km
Automatic Power Control and Auto Tracking
3rd ECAI – Romania, 3-5 July 2009

71. Collaborators Graz Technical University, Austria
Houston University, USA
UCL
Hong-Kong Polytechnic University
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
Newcastle University
Ankara University, Turkey
Agilent
Cable Free
Technological University of Malaysia
Others
3rd ECAI – Romania, 3-5 July 2009

72. Summary Access bottleneck has been discussed
FSO introduced as a complementary technology
Atmospheric challenges of FSO highlighted
Subcarrier intensity modulated FSO (with and
without spatial diversity) discussed
Wavelet ANN based receivers 72
3rd ECAI – Romania, 3-5 July 2009 72

73. Acknowledgements
To many colleagues (national and international) and in particular to all my MSc and PhD students (past and present) and post-doctoral research fellows
3rd ECAI – Romania, 3-5 July 2009

74. Wall/Tower, Roof, Non-penetrating
LS Series Specifications
Model
WBLS10
WBLS100
WBLS100U Ultra-Wide
Data Rate
10Mbps Full Duplex
Distance (meters)
up to 800m
up to 500m
custom
Network Protocol
Ethernet
Fast Ethernet
Network Interface
10Base-T (RJ45) x1
100Base-Tx (RJ45) x1
Transmitter
IR - LED Class 1
IR -LED Class 1
Wavelength nm
Beam width
17mrad
Power
POE or 48V DC
Housing
Weatherproof
Operating Temp.
-40° C to 70° C
Relative Humidity
5% to 95%
Dimensions
9” x 6.0” x 12”
Weight
3.2Kg, 7.5lbs
Mounting Options
Wall/Tower, Roof, Non-penetrating
Iran 2008

75. Wall/Tower, Roof, Non-penetrating
Model
WBLS T1/E1
WBLS 4T1/4E1
Data Rate
4 x 1.54 Mbps or 4 x Mbps
1 x 1.54 Mbps or 1 x Mbps
Distance (meters)
Up to 800m
up to 1600m
Network Protocol
ATM
Network Interface
4 x RJ48C
1 x RJ48C
Transmitter
IR - LED Class 1
Wavelength nm
Beam width
17mrad
Power
48V DC
Housing
Weatherproof
Operating Temp.
-40° C to 70° C
Relative Humidity
5% to 95%
Dimensions
9” x 6.0” x 12”
Weight
3.2Kg, 7.5lbs
Mounting Options
Wall/Tower, Roof, Non-penetrating
Iran 2008

76. Wall/Tower, Roof, Non-penetrating
400/500 Series Specifications
Model
WB410
WB4100
WB4155
WB510
Data Rate
10Mbps Full Duplex
100Mbps Full Duplex
155Mbps Full Duplex
Distance (meters)
1500m
750m
2000m
Network Protocol
Ethernet
Fast Ethernet
Clear Channel
Network Interface
10Base-T (RJ45) x1
100Base-Tx (RJ45) x1
SPF- LC Fiber Connect
Transmitter
IR - LED Class 1
IR -LED Class 1
Wavelength nm
Beam width
17mrad
custom
Power
POE or 48V DC
48V DC
Housing
Weatherproof
Operating Temp.
-40° C to 70° C
Relative Humidity
5% to 95%
Dimensions
15.8" x15.3" x 19"
Weight
9.0Kg, 20lbs
Mounting Options
Wall/Tower, Roof, Non-penetrating
Iran 2008

77. Wall/Tower, Roof, Non-penetrating
Model
WB5100
WB5155
WB5 T1/E1
WB5 T4/E4
Data Rate
100Mbps Full Duplex
155Mbps Full Duplex
1 x 1.54 Mbps or 1 x Mbps
4 x 1.54 Mbps or 4 x Mbps
Distance (meters)
1000m
3500m
2000m
Network Protocol
Fast Ethernet
Clear Channel
ATM
Network Interface
100Base-Tx (RJ45) x1
SPF- LC Fiber Connect
1 x RJ48C
4 x RJ48C
Transmitter
IR - LED Class 1
Wavelength nm
Beam width
17mrad
Power
POE or 48V DC
48V DC
Housing
Weatherproof
Operating Temp.
-40° C to 70° C
Relative Humidity
5% to 95%
Dimensions
15.8" x15.3" x 19"
Weight
9.0Kg, 20lbs
Mounting Options
Wall/Tower, Roof, Non-penetrating
Iran 2008

78. Wall/Tower, Roof, Non-penetrating
XT Series Specifications
Model
WBXT10
WBXT100
WBXT155
Data Rate
10Mbps Full Duplex
100Mbps Full Duplex
155Mbps Full Duplex
Distance (meters)
3000m
2000m
Network Protocol
Ethernet
Fast Ethernet
Clear Channel
Network Interface
10Base-T (RJ45) x1
100Base-Tx (RJ45) x1
SPF- LC Fiber Connect
Transmitter
IR - LED Class 1
IR -LED Class 1
Wavelength nm
Beam width
17mrad
custom
Power
POE or 48V DC
48V DC
Housing
Weatherproof
Operating Temp.
-40° C to 70° C
Relative Humidity
5% to 95%
Dimensions
19" x 11" x 32"
Weight
15Kg, 30lbs
Mounting Options
Wall/Tower, Roof, Non-penetrating
Iran 2008

79. Wall/Tower, Roof, Non-penetrating
Model
WBXT T1/E1
WBXT T4/E4
Data Rate
1 x 1.54 Mbps or 1 x Mbps
4 x 1.54 Mbps or 4 x Mbps
Distance (meters)
4000m
3000m
Network Protocol
ATM
Network Interface
1 x RJ48C
4 x RJ48C
Transmitter
IR - LED Class 1
Wavelength nm
Beam width
17mrad
Power
48V DC
Housing
Weatherproof
Operating Temp.
-40° C to 70° C
Relative Humidity
5% to 95%
Dimensions
19" x 11" x 32"
Weight
15Kg, 30lbs
Mounting Options
Wall/Tower, Roof, Non-penetrating
Iran 2008