1. W. J. Fenton MD, FRCPC, FACP Clinical Professor of Medicine, U of S TB 101 for Primary Care Providers

2. Patient First

3. TBC & partners have always put the patient first: Mobile clinics Try to be flexible concerning drug delivery Incentives if need be In all we do collectively, we constantly should strive to make the patient first in our thinking and our actions.

4. Think TB

5. While you are thinking ….

6. If you are dealing with TB – THINK HIV TBC tests for HIV in those we see with a positive TST age 14 and up If you are dealing with HIV – THINK TB

7. Look for Early TB

8. Cough 4/52 or more (If a smoker look for persistent change in cough of 4/52) Unexplained fever of > 1/52 Antibiotic resistant pneumonia (on CXR) May not be TB but check for it: sputum CXR

9. Get Specimens

10. Specimens help to: – Confirm/exclude diagnosis Without a + culture the diagnosis remains presumptive – Identify the organism – Identify drug sensitivities

11. Get Specimens “If they are coughing get sputum” – do it now while they are in clinic – but also try to get some morning sputa 3 AM sputa maximizes yield Consider inducing the sputum if necessary With Miliary TB may also consider urine, bone marrow With very low CD4 count consider blood culture for TB

12. Understand the Limitations of Radiology

13. CXR & CT are crucial parts of TB evaluation BUT

14. Understand the Limitations of Radiology CXR & CT finding may suggest TB but do not prove it – e.g. recent case Normal CXR does not exclude active TB – (Marciniuk Chest 1999;115:445-452) TB has typical patterns but can look like anything on CXR

15. Look at the Whole Picture

16. As with any illness, look at the whole picture don’t just treat a test. history physical tests, CXR’s environment

17. Focus of Contact Tracing

18. Primary TB – looking for someone who is coughing (looking for source) - age 15 & up Active smear + (culture +) TB – looking for spread - age <5 - HIV+, other immunosupression

19. Never Monotherapy

20. Why?

21. Never Monotherapy Monotherapy will inevitably lead to drug resistance

22. Why two drugs? The organisms in a large active population e.g. cavity, will innately have some organism resistant to a drug. The chance of an organism being resistant to two drugs is so small as to be non-existent. When starting active treatment, want two drugs that the person has not been previously exposed to

23. How treatment failure can occur

24. Treatment Failure Non-compliance No drugs work if you don ’ t take them Large rapidly growing population - selection of resistant organisms Must have at least two drugs the organisms are sensitive to Prescription error Patient decides to delete one drug Slow growing population - persistent organisms Drugs not continued long enough Long enough but not enough doses in the alotted time

25. Where TB organisms live

26. Location Vs Drug Effectiveness Activity on organisms CavityMacrophCaseum SM+++00 INH+++0 RMP++++ EMB+/-+/-0 PZA0++0

27. Activity of First-Line Drugs

28. Why DOT?

29. Cochrane Review trashed it!

30. 407 cases of SAT, then switched to 581 of DOT, results are despite higher IV drug use, more homelessness and rising TB rates Weis et al NEJM 1994;330:1179-1184 DOT Identifies compliance issues quickly (audit) Ensures drugs are taken together

31. Active Disease Risks

32. Active Disease Risk 1st yr, 2nd yr, 3-4, 5-10, 10+ 10% 50% Pulm 30-40 M/M 10-20 20-30% Untreated TB Infection Pulm 1-20 M/M 2-5

33. Infection Risks Can Stds P 184

34. Active Disease Risks 20-30%2-5x20-30x 100+x Granuloma on CXR(2)fibronodular on CXR (6-19) HIV infection (50-110) Smoke 1 ppd(2-3)TB infection within 2 yrs (!%) AIDS (110-170) infected age 0-4 (2.2-5)CA head & neck (16) <90% ideal wt (2-3)CRF on hemodialysis (10-25) DM (2-3.6)silicosis (30) TNF inhibitors (1.5-4)Transplantation (20-74) CS Rx (4.9) Untreated TB infection Compared with infected person with No risk factors & normal CXR

35. Active TB Risk Factors

36. Infection Risks Can Stds P 65

37. TST Screening & BCG status Saskatchewan study comparing young kids who had or did not have neonatal BCG vaccination: At age 4 – no difference – TST 10 mm valid < age 4 -TST 15 mm valid TST < 15 “grey area” consider community & age risk Reid et al: Chest 2007;131;1806-1810

38. Can doctors or nurses predict which patient will be compliant with medications use?

39. NO!

40. What is this?

41. 6 months earlier

42. * usually resolves spontaneously * active TB will develop in up to 60% * usually unilateral *more common in young men * DTH reaction to a few bacilli * smear negative fluid, culture positive in only 1/3 *pleural biopsy for diagnosis * Induced sputum may be positive Tuberculous Pleural Effusion

43. How does HIV change TB Management

44. Test for HIV – All active TB cases – Contacts if at risk for HIV – Contacts if index cases is HIV-TB co-infection TST – 5 mm is positive IN HIV+ PATIENT – Sensitivity decreases as CD4 count decreases

45. How does HIV change TB Management Active TB in HIV+ – May lack typical clinical & CXR features More LN, pleural, meningeal, pericardial involvement CXR may be normal – Aggressive sampling Sputums even if CXR normal Blood culture if CD4 <50-100 – If negative TST, consider repeat after ART & immune reconstitution

46. How does HIV change TB Management LTBI in HIV+ – Treat unless well documented previous treatment – ? Benefit of Rx in TST- or anergic HIV+ – HIV+ with recent infectious TB exposure – treat for LTBI regardless of TST status High re-infection risk in HIV+ – Consider LTBI Rx for HIV+ TST-: High epidemiologic risk CXR features suggest past TB – Treat LTBI in pregnancy

47. How does HIV change TB Management Tx of TB in HIV+ – The good news – for fully sensitive TB the following are the same as in HIV- cases: Cure rates Clinical response rate Culture conversion time Relapse rates

48. How does HIV change TB Management Tx of TB in HIV+ – RMP (rifamycins) very important – BUT.. RMP interferes with some AR drugs TB & HIV docs need to connect – Rx for 9/12 may be wiser than shorter courses – If CD4 <100 do not use RMP less than 3x/wk Increased RMP resistance – ? Reduced absorption of RMP & EMB in HIV+ – DOT is standard – HIV+ may be more prone to INH neuropathy B6 25 mg – Initiate ART early

49. If you want things to happen (want service)

50. Phone Don’t just send a letter or requisition e.g. x-ray req’n

51. The End