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Dr. Thanh Binh Nguyen University of Ottawa, Canada July 2009

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1 Dr. Thanh Binh Nguyen University of Ottawa, Canada July 2009
IMAGING OF HEAD TRAUMA Dr. Thanh Binh Nguyen University of Ottawa, Canada July 2009

2 OUTLINE Clinical indications for imaging Imaging technique
Extraaxial hemorrhage Intraaxial injury Brain herniations Skull fractures

3 INTRODUCTION Head trauma is the leading cause of death in people under the age of 30. Males have 2-3 x frequency of brain injury than females Due mainly to motor vehicle accidents and assaults

4 Classification of TBI Primary Secondary
Injury to scalp, skull fracture Surface contusion/laceration Intracranial hematoma Diffuse axonal injury, diffuse vascular injury Secondary Hypoxia-ischemia, swelling/edema, raised intracranial pressure Meningitis/abscess

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6 CANADIAN CT HEAD RULE Minor head injury: patients with witnessed loss of consciousness, amnesia or disorientation and a Glasgow coma Scale(GCS) of Prospective study of 3121 patients who presented with a GCS of (Stiell et al, Lancet 2001; 357: )

7 CANADIAN CT HEAD RULE CT is required for patients with minor head injury and any one of the following: High risk (for neurological intervention) GCS score<15 at 2h after injury Suspected open or depressed skull fracture Any sign of basal skull fracture (hemotympanum, ‘racoon’ eyes, CSF otorrhoea…) Vomiting  2 episodes Age  65 years. Sensitivity of these rules (100%), specificity (69%), CT ordering proportion (32%)

8 CANADIAN CT HEAD RULE Medium risk (for brain injury on CT)
Amnesia after impact > 30 min Dangerous mechanism (pedestrian struck by motor vehicle, occupant ejected from motor vehicle, fall from height > 3 feet or five stairs) Sensitivity of these rules (98%), specificity (50%), CT ordering proportion (54%)

9 IMAGING TECHNIQUE The presence of a skull fracture increases the risk of having a posttraumatic intracranial lesion. However, the absence of a skull fracture does not exclude a brain injury, which is particularly true in pediatric patients due to the capacity of the skull to bend. NO ROLE FOR PLAIN FILMS IN ACUTE HEAD TRAUMA

10 IMAGING TECHNIQUE CT without contrast is the modality of choice in acute trauma (fast, available, sensitive to acute subarachnoid hemorrhage and skull fractures) MRI is useful in non-acute head trauma (higher sensitivity than CT for cortical contusions, diffuse axonal injury, posterior fossa abnormalities)

11 OUR CT PROTOCOLS “ROUTINE”: posterior fossa and supratentorial region (slice thickness = 5mm) “TRAUMA”: posterior fossa (2.5mm), supratentorial region (5mm) “TEMPORAL BONE”: <1mm in axial or coronal plane “ORBITS/FACIAL BONES”: 1.25 mm axial/coronal orbits

12 APPROACH TO CT BRAIN Look at the scout film: ? Fracture of upper cervical spine or skull Look for brain asymmetry Look at sulci, Sylvian fissure and cisterns to exclude subarachnoid hemorrhage Change windows to look for subdural collection Look at bone windows to see fractures Determine if mass is intraaxial (in the brain) or extraaxial (outside)

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20 SCALP INJURY

21 SCALP INJURY Cephalohematoma: blood between the bone and periosteum. Cannot cross the suture lines. Subgaleal hematoma: blood between the periosteum and aponeurosis. Can cross the suture lines. Caput Succ: swelling across the midline with scalp moulding. Resolves spontaneously.

22 Extraaxial fluid collections
Subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH) Subdural hematoma(SDH) Epidural hematoma Subdural hygroma Intraventricular hemorrhage

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24 Subarachnoid hemorrage
Can originate from direct vessel injury, contused cortex or intraventricular hemorrhage. Look in the interpeduncular cistern and Sylvian fissure Usually focal (but diffuse from aneurysm) Can lead to communicating hydrocephalus

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29 SUBDURAL HEMATOMA Occurs between the dura and arachnoid
Can cross the sutures but not the dural reflections Due to disruption of the bridging cortical veins Hypodense(hyperacute, chronic), isodense(subacute), hyperdense(acute)

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31 W=33 L=41

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35 MANAGEMENT OF aSDH Acute SDH with thickness > 10 mm or midline shift > 5mm should be evacuated Patient in coma with a decrease in GCS by >2 points with a SDH should undergo surgical evacuation.

36 EPIDURAL HEMATOMA Located between the skull and periosteum
Due to laceration of the middle meningeal artery or dural veins Can cross dural reflections but is limited by suture lines Lentiform shape (but concave shape in SDH)

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39 MANAGEMENT OF aEDH EDH > 30 cm3 should be evacuated.
EDH < 30 cm3 and <15 mm thickness and < 5 mm midline shift and GCS >8 may be managed nonoperatively with serial CT

40 Intraventricular hemorrhage
Most commonly due to rupture of subependymal vessels Can occur from reflux of SAH or contiguous extension of an intracerebral hemorrhage Look for blood-cerebrospinal fluid level in occipital horns

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44 INTRA-AXIAL INJURY Surface contusion/laceration
Intraparenchymal hematoma White matter shearing injury/diffuse axonal injury Post-traumatic infarction Brainstem injury

45 CONTUSION/LACERATIONS
Most common source of traumatic SAH Contusion: must involve the superficial gray matter Laceration: contusion + tear of pia-arachnoid Affects the crests of gyri Hemorrhage present ½ cases and occur at right angles to the cortical surface Located near the irregular bony contours: poles of frontal lobes, temporal lobes, inferior cerebellar hemispheres

46 From http://neuropathology.neoucom.edu/
Dr.Agamanolis

47 Intraparenchymal hematoma
Focal collections of blood that most commonly arise from shear-strain injury to intraparenchymal vessels. Usually located in the frontotemporal white matter or basal ganglia Hematoma within normal brain DDx: DAI, hemorrhagic contusion

48 DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY Rarely detected on CT ( 20% of DAI lesions are hemorrhagic) MRI: T1, T2, T2 GRE, SWI

49 DAI Due to acceleration/deceleration to whtie matter + hypoxia
Patients have severe LOC at impact Grade 1: axonal damage in WM only -67% Grade 2: WM + corpus callosum (posterior > anterior) – 21% Grade 3: WM + CC + brainstem

50 DAI Hours: hemorrhages and tissue tears Axonal swellings Axonal bulbs Days/weeks: clusters of microglia and macrophages, astrocytosis Months/years: Wallerian degeneration

51 From http://neuropathology.neoucom.edu/
Dr.Agamanolis

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53 Sagittal T1-W images

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55 Axial FLAIR images

56 AXIAL FLAIR

57 AXIAL T2 GRADIENT-ECHO

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59 BRAINSTEM INJURY By direct or indirect forces
Most commonly associated with DAI Involves the dorsolateral midbrain and upper pons and is usually hemorrhagic Duret hemorrhage is an example of indirect damage: tearing of the pontine perforators leading to hemorrhage in the setting transtentorial herniation <20% of brainstem lesions are seen on CT

60 18 biker hit by a car

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65 BRAIN HERNIATIONS

66 SUBFALCIAL HERNIATION
Subfalcial: displacement of the cingulate gyrus under the free edge of the falx along with the pericallosal arteries. Can lead to anterior cerebral artery infarction

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71 UNCAL HERNIATION Displacement of the medial temporal lobe through the tentorial notch Displacement of the midbrain Effacement of the suprasellar cistern Displacement of the contralateral cerebral peduncle against the tentorium Widening of the ipsilateral cerebello pontine angle Compression of the posterior cerebral artery

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75 DOWNWARD HERNIATION Caudal displacement of the thalamus and midbrain
Effacement of the perimensencephalic cistern and 4th ventricle. Can cause a 3rd nerve palsy and disrupt pontine vessels leading to brainstem hemorrhage

76 UPWARD HERNIATION Due to posterior fossa mass causing superior displacement of the vermis through the tentorial incisura Compression of the 4th ventricle and effacement of the quadrigeminal plate cistern. Compression of the superior cerebellar artery

77 TONSILLAR HERNIATION Inferior displacement of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum Can lead to posterior cerebellar artery infarction

78 EXTERNAL HERNIATION Due to a defect in the skull in combination with elevated ICP Venous obstruction can occur at the margins of the defect.

79 ANATOMY

80 BASE OF SKULL ANATOMY

81 BASE OF SKULL ANATOMY

82 BASE OF SKULL ANATOMY

83 BASE OF SKULL ANATOMY

84 SIGNIFICANT SKULL FRACTURES
“Depressed”: inner table is depressed by the thickness of the skull. Overlie major venous sinus, motor cortex, middle meningeal artery Pass through sinuses Look for sutural diastasis (lambdoid)

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87 TEMPORAL BONE FRACTURES
Look for opacification of the mastoid Longitudinal: 70%, parallel to long axis of petrous bone, conductive hearing loss (from ossicular dislocation), facial nerve paralysis (20%) Transverse: 20%, sensorineural hearing loss, facial nerve paralysis (50%) Complex Complications: meningitis, abscess

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89 POST TRAUMATIC SEQUELAE
Carotid-cavernous fistula(CCF) Dissection/pseudoaneurysm Infarction Atrophy/encephalomalacia Infection Leptomeningeal cyst

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