1. LH Series L-PER (The older blue homer and the larger H-Antenna)
Module 8 of
CASARA ELT Training Plan

2. Training Must contact JRCC before activating ELT training unit.
Give details.
Frequency.
Location.
Time period.
Contact Number.
Should contact JRCC and advise when finished.

3. FUNCTIONAL CHECK
The effectiveness of the electronic homer should be confirmed using a hand held radio on the appropriate frequency.
PARK AIRCRAFT, VEHICLE IN THE OPEN,
AWAY FROM METAL BUILDINGS
WARNING! USE OF HIGH-POWER TRANSMITTERS CLOSE TO THE DF ANTENNAE CAN DAMAGE THE UNIT.
ELT TESTER SHOULD BE KEPT AT LEAST 50 FEET AWAY FROM THE ANTENNAE WHEN USING TO TEST

4. Settings For Search When you are searching for a signal.
The homer must be set on the proper frequency.
121.5 for Tasking.
123.1 for Training.
VOLUME & SENSITIVITY towards the “Maximum” range.

5. ELT –Mode Switch REC MODE TO DETECT AND MEASURE SIGNAL STRENGTH ONLY
DF MODE TO FIND DIRECTION OF ELT SIGNAL

6. Little L-Per How it works

7. Little L-Per How it works
REC Mode
only used for Handheld
Left side arrows on antenna is used
for reference point to find direction of
strongest signal
Needle indicates signal strength
Useful for confirming multiple DF centre
Make sure the wooden cross arm is attached with the printing and arrows facing toward you.

8. ELT Homer-Meter-REC Mode
REC MODE MEASURES
SIGNAL STRENGTH
LEFT-WEAK / RIGHT- STRONG

9. Little L-Per How it works REC mode
WEAK
SIGNAL
STRONG SIGNAL
METER
REC MODE MEASURES
SIGNAL STRENGTH ONLY

10. Little L-Per How it works REC mode
WEAK
SIGNAL
STRONG SIGNAL
METER
REC MODE MEASURES
SIGNAL STRENGTH ONLY

11. Little L-Per How it works REC mode
WEAK
SIGNAL
STRONG SIGNAL
METER
REC MODE MEASURES
SIGNAL STRENGTH ONLY

12. Little L-Per How it works REC mode
WEAK
SIGNAL
STRONG SIGNAL
METER
REC MODE MEASURES
SIGNAL STRENGTH ONLY

13. Little L-Per How it works REC mode
WEAK
SIGNAL
STRONG SIGNAL
METER
REC MODE MEASURES
SIGNAL STRENGTH ONLY

14. Little L-Per How it works REC mode
WEAK
SIGNAL
STRONG SIGNAL
METER
REC MODE MEASURES
SIGNAL STRENGTH ONLY

15. Little L-Per How it works REC mode
WEAK
SIGNAL
STRONG SIGNAL
METER
REC MODE MEASURES
SIGNAL STRENGTH ONLY

16. Little L-Per How it works REC mode
WEAK
SIGNAL
STRONG SIGNAL
METER
REC MODE MEASURES
SIGNAL STRENGTH ONLY

17. Little L-Per How it works REC mode
WEAK
SIGNAL
STRONG SIGNAL
Probable target area
Mark your coordinates
Take bearing
Adjust for magnetic variation
Draw line on map

18. Little L-Per How it works
DF Mode
Needle points to side with strongest signal.
Needle centres with target in front or behind.
Functional with very weak signal (you may not hear it).
Works well with moving vehicle or aircraft.
REC mode is only usable with the handheld H antenna as it relies on the diRECtional effect of the antenna design, and the ability to point the antenna at the target signal.
DF is the only effective mode for vehicle or aircraft mounted antennas as the antennas can’t be turned.
A moving vehicle gives an averaging effect on the signals which can cancel out some of the errors from reflections, etc.. 18

19. ELT Homer-Meter-DF Mode
DF MODE SHOWS DIRECTION OF ELT SIGNAL
LEFT CENTER RIGHT

20. Handheld DF Use L-Per on DF mode. Find centre (there should be two )
180 DEGREES APART.
More than two centres?
Means getting REFLECTIONS.
use REC mode.
Or move to another location.
Take multiple bearings to the target.
Triangulate with bearings.
Watch for sources of error.
Use DF mode to take bearings, REC mode if multiple centres occur (strongest is probably the target)
Separate bearings by good distance
Use 90 degree roads to box the target and aid triangulation
Need a compass
Take account of signal strength, low strength may mean you are far away or you are picking up a reflection 20

21. Resolving DF Ambiguity
Turn left or right to tell.
Rule of thumb;
If needle moves opposite of turn, ELT is in front of you.
If needle moves in direction of turn, ELT is behind you.
Follow the needle.

22. Little L-Per How it works DF Mode
CENTER

23. Little L-Per How it works DF Mode
LEFT

24. Little L-Per How it works DF Mode
LEFT

25. Little L-Per How it works DF Mode
LEFT

26. Little L-Per How it works DF Mode
CENTER

27. Little L-Per How it works DF Mode
RIGHT

28. Little L-Per How it works DF Mode
RIGHT

29. Little L-Per How it works DF Mode
RIGHT

30. Little L-Per How it works DF Mode
Probable target area
CENTER
Mark your coordinates
Take bearing
Adjust for magnetic variation
Draw line on map

31. Little L-Per How it works DF Mode-Situation
CENTER

32. Little L-Per How it works DF Mode-Situation
CENTER
2nd-Centre

33. Little L-Per How it works DF Mode-Reflection
CENTER

34. Little L-Per™ Signal Detected
6 Steps: use the full procedure every time!
Turn the unit to RECeive, check proper frequency and volume.
Turn the Sensitivity knob to HALF SCALE.
This will prevent oversense and is a good starting point..
Turn the unit to DF.
Turn at least one FULL circle.
Check: Use Turn to Tell: the needle will point toward the target.
Use your compass, to get a bearing to the ELT.

35. ELT search basics Look for obvious target areas near SARSAT hit
airports, heliports, depots.
Look for high ground.
Be at least 20 ft away from vehicles, wires, or other large, conductive objects.
Persons other than the operator should be at least 10 feet from the antenna.
Take numerous bearings.
Box the target or triangulate.
Typical actual handled by CASARA Ottawa is false alarm from a/c maintenance, ELT in shipment or similar, therefore targets are usually found at airports. This doesn’t mean that we focus on them but they make good starting points.
Given that ELT signals are line of sight the higher you are the more likely you are to get a fix. Obviously homing from the air is the most effective (in most cases).
As we will see later, bearings can be confused by the environment so take many bearings and use an average of results. In the case of searching with a quad on a ground vehicle staying on the move should give the best results (the motion averages the results).
Try to box the target, this is mainly a consideration for ground searches, but also works well in the air. Find the point at which you pass the target then turn towards it at 90 degrees, until you pass it again, thus giving a clear indication of target location. 35

36. Radio Direction Finding
Two methods of RDF
Triangulation (signal strength, bearing)
Homing (signal strength and direction) 36

37. Triangulation
Best method for ground personnel to get an accurate fix when search aircraft support is unavailable

38. Triangulation-Taking Bearings
Make sure that nothing magnetic is affecting your compass…like the hood of a car where the chart has been laid out.
You must be able to receive the signal.
Center up DF unit on the signal.
Take the magnetic bearing (shoot an azimuth).
Correct for magnetic variation.
Plot your bearing (draw a line) on map.
Move to another location and repeat the above steps.
The ELT should be where the bearing lines cross.

39. Triangulation - REC Mode
Reference to point of
Strongest signal
indication 39

40. Triangulation - DF Mode
Reference
To direction
of signal
Needle centered 40

41. Triangulation - DF Mode
ELT

42. Triangulation-DF Mode

43. Here Are Your Six Steps Again:
REC
HALF DF
CENTER
TURN
BEARING

44. Note re choice between LH and LL-16
When both LH Little Lper ( Blue 1973 analog model ) and LL-16 Little Lper ( Orange 2006  digital model ) are available and serviceable, LL16 should be used during SAR DF tasking.
This is because the Orange LL-16 is an improved model and provides more information, such as a numbered signal strength and a 4 way indication to the signal source.

45. Are there any questions?

46. “THAT OTHERS MAY LIVE”
CASARA
THANK YOU