1. First there was batch Serial processing Waiting jobs sit on a job queue until they can be processed Things processed in first-in first-out order (FIFO)

2. Jobs.. Data, things to do Things done, output results Machine Domain Job QueueJob execution Batch processing

3. An IBM punch card To read a card one character at a time

4. Programs used punched cards

5. We create codes using presence or absence – hole punched 1 0 Presence Absence 00 0 11 0 0 1 =I This concept has carried through to modern computing – codes used to identify characters and letters.

6. Input and output Machine Domain Job execution Interactive processing

7. Software Application System UtilityOperating System ShellKernel Software classification

8. Kernel Shell User

9. Starting the system up Bootstrap – BIOS (Basic Input Output system) Permanently written instructions that load the operating system software into the computer memory

10. A process Set of instructions Data (new, modified) Current state –At what point in instruction set –State of data being processes

11. Time sharing Time Proc A Proc B Proc A Proc B swap