1. Approach to Ear ProblemsBy
Stacey Singer-Leshinsky R-PAC

2. Includes: Disease of the external ear Disease of the middle ear
Disease of the inner ear

3. Normal TM

4. External Auditory Canal Otitis Externa
Defenses include cerumen which acidifies the canal and suppresses bacterial growth.

5. External Auditory Canal Otitis Externa
Cerumen prevents water from remaining in canal and causing maceration.
Etiology: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and staphylococcus aureus, strep

6. External Auditory Canal Otitis Externa
Risk factors for Otitis Externa include:
Swimming, perspiration, high humidity, insertion of foreign objects,
Eczema, psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis

7. External Auditory Canal Otitis Externa-Clinical manifestations
Otalgia/otorrhea
Fever
Pain
Canal edematous and obscured with debris, discharge, blood, or inflammation
Lymphadenopathy

8. External Auditory Canal Otitis Externa-
Complications
malignant otitis externa caused by pseudomonas
Differential diagnosis
basal cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma

9. External Auditory Canal Otitis Externa-Management
Topical antibacterial drops such as Neomycin otic, polymyxin, Quinolone otic
Otic steroid drops containing polymyxin-neomycin and a topical corticosteroid.
Analgesics

10. External Auditory Canal Otitis Externa-Management
Discuss patient education issues such as:
Swimmer prophylaxis contains acid and alcohol

11. External Auditory Canal Chronic Otitis Externa
Duration of infection greater than four weeks, or greater than 4 episodes a year
Risks: inadequate treatment of otitis externa, persistent trauma, inflammation or malignant otitis externa.
Etiology: Bacterial,fungal or dermatologic such as candida or Aspergillus, pseudomonas or psoriasis

12. External Auditory Canal Chronic Otitis Externa
Purulent discharge
Dry or scaly.
Pruritus
Conductive hearing loss
Diagnosis:

13. External Auditory Canal Chronic otitis externa-Management
Cover fungi with clotrimazole(Lotrimin)
Systemic antifungal include ketoconazole
Cortisporin
Wick with few drops of Domeboro’s astringent
Differential diagnosis to include basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma, Foreign bodies, otitis media

14. External Auditory Canal Malignant Otitis Externa
Inflammation and damage of the bones and cartilage of the base of the skull
Occurs primarily in immunocompromised
Most common etiology is pseudomonas aeruginosa.

15. External Auditory Canal Malignant Otitis Externa
Otorrhea: yellow green, foul smelling.
Granulation tissue in external auditory canal
Trismus
Fever
Facial and cranial nerve palsies

16. External Auditory Canal Malignant Otitis Externa
Diagnosis: Culture of ear secretions and pathological examination of granulation tissue, CT
Complications include sepsis, cranial nerve palsies, meningitis, brain abscess, osteomyelitis of the temporal bone and skull
Differential diagnosis to include basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma

17. External Auditory Canal Malignant Otitis Externa
Need IV antibiotics
Might need surgical debridement.
If treatment interrupted rate of recurrence is 100%

18. External Auditory Canal Cerumen Impaction
Cerumen is produced by apocrine and sebaceous glands in external ear canal.
Often caused by attempts to clean the ear, or water in canal
Cerumen is pushed down

19. Cerumen Impaction Clinical Manifestations
Hearing loss
Stuffed or full feeling to ear
Pain if cerumen touches TM

20. External Auditory Canal Cerumen Impaction
Be sure TM is intact prior to lavage
Irrigate ear with one part peroxide, and one part water
Debrox and Cerumenex drops
Ear irrigation and manual cerumen removal

21. External Auditory Canal Foreign body
Can include toys, beads, nails, vegetables or insects.
Damage depends on amount of time object has been in ear.

22. External Auditory Canal Foreign body-Clinical Manifestations
Might present with purulent discharge
Pain
Bleeding
Hearing loss

23. External Auditory Canal Foreign body
Complications include internal injury
Differential diagnosis to include cholesteatoma, cerumen impaction, otitis externa

24. External Auditory Canal Foreign body- Management
Irrigation is best provided the TM is not perforated
Destroy insect with lidocaine or mineral oil.
Irrigate and suction liquid.
For inanimate objects suction or use alligator forceps.

25. Tympanic Membrane Bullous Myringitis
Vesicles develop on the TM second to viral infections or bacterial infection
Usually associated with middle-ear infection
May extend into canal.

26. Tympanic Membrane Bullous Myringitis- Clinical Manifestations
Sudden onset of severe pain
No fever usually
No hearing impairment
Bloody otorrhea possible
Inflammation to TM
Multiple reddened inflamed blebs possibly blood filled

27. Tympanic Membrane Bullous Myringitis
Differential diagnosis to include squamous or basal cell carcinoma, acute otitis media
Complications

28. Tympanic Membrane Bullous Myringitis-Management
Antibiotics
If pain is severe, rupture the vesicles with a myringotomy knife
Analgesics

29. Tympanic Membrane Perforated TM
Etiology is direct trauma, infection, pressure build up
Bacteria can travel into middle ear and lead to secondary infection

30. Tympanic Membrane Perforated TM- Clinical Manifestations
Sudden severe pain
Hearing loss
Drainage
Otoscope exam reveals puncture in TM, might be able to see bones of middle ear
Purulent otorrhea may begin in hours post perforation

31. Tympanic Membrane Perforated TM
Differential diagnosis to include acute and chronic otitis media
Complications include secondary infection into inner ear

32. Tympanic Membrane Perforated TM-Management
Antibiotics to prevent infection or treat existing infection
Surgical repair

33. Middle Ear Acute Otitis Media
Viral respiratory infections cause inflammation of ET
When ET is blocked, fluid collects in the middle ear.

34. Middle Ear Acute Otitis Media
Common in fall, winter or spring
ET in child is shorter and more horizontal in infants/children.
Bacterial Etiology : S.pneumoniae, H.influenzae, and M.Catarrhalis.
Risks include URI,smoking at home, allergies, cleft palate, adenoid hypertrophy, bottle feeding, barotrauma

35. Middle Ear Acute Otitis Media
Otalgia.
Conductive hearing loss
URI symptoms
Vomiting, diarrhea
Fever
TM bulging and erythematous with decreased or poor light reflex.
Decreased TM mobility on pneumatic insufflation

36. Middle Ear Acute Otitis Media -Diagnosis
Tympanometry
Differential diagnosis to include TM perforation, Tympanosclerosis, recurrent AOM, mastoiditis

37. Middle Ear Acute Otitis Media -Management
Analgesics/ Antipyretics
Auralgan
Antibiotics
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or Azithromycin
Decongestants:
Avoid antihistamines

38. Middle Ear Acute Otitis Media –Patient Education
Myringotomy in patients with hearing loss, poor response to therapy or intractable pain
Discuss patient education issues including breast feeding, no smoking in homes, pneumococcal vaccine

39. Middle Ear Acute Otitis Media -Complications
TM perforation/ Tympanosclerosis
Recurrent AOM or chronic OM
Persistent middle ear effusion
Mastoiditis
Bacteremia

40. Middle Ear Acute Otitis Media -Recurrent OM
Three episodes of AOM in 6 months or 4 episodes in 12 months
Diagnosis
Prevent by antibiotic prophylaxis, pneumovax, tympanostomy tubes, adenoidectomy

41. Middle Ear Otitis Media with Effusion
Fluid accumulation behind TM in middle ear
Build up of negative pressure and fluid in eustachian tube
Common in children because of anatomy, cleft palate, allergies, barotrauma.

42. Middle Ear Otitis Media with Effusion
Hearing loss
Fullness, pressure
TM neutral or retracted. Gray or pink.
Landmarks visible or dull.
Decreased TM mobility

43. Middle Ear Otitis Media with Effusion Diagnosis
Tympanometry- most accurate,
Audiometry-
Differentials to include: Acute Otitis Media, malignant tumors to nasal cavity, cystic fibrosis

44. Middle Ear Otitis Media with Effusion Management
Decongestants/Oral steroids
Antibiotics
Myringotomy with or without tubes
Adenoidectomy
Complications:

45. Middle Ear Chronic Otitis Media
Recurrent or persistent otitis media due to dysfunctional eustachian tube
Risks: allergies, multiple infections, ear trauma, swelling to adenoids.
Bacteria: P aeruginosa, proteus species, Staphylococcus aureus, and mixed anaerobic infections.

46. Middle Ear Chronic Otitis Media
Causes long term damage to middle ear due to infection and inflammation including
Severe retraction of TM due to prolonged negative pressure
Scaring or erosion of small conducting bones of middle ear and inner ear
Erosion of mastoid
Thickening of mucous secretions in ET
Cholesteatoma
Persistent OME

47. Middle Ear Chronic Otitis Media
Ear pain
Fullness to ears
Purulent discharge
Hearing loss
Dullness, redness or air bubbles behind TM

48. Middle Ear Chronic Otitis Media
Diagnosis: clinical, audiometry, tympanometry, CT, MRI
Differential diagnosis to include AOM, cholesteatoma
Complications include bony destruction or sclerosis of mastoid air cells, facial paralysis, sensineural hearing loss, vertigo

49. Middle Ear Chronic Otitis Media-Management
Antibiotics , steroids, placement of tubes.
Myringotomy
Surgical tympanoplasty, mastoidectomy

50. Cholesteatoma
Epithelial cyst consists of desquamating layers of scaly or keratinized skin.
Erosion of ossicles common. As more material is shed, the cyst expands eroding surrounding tissue.
Two types: congenital and acquired.
Acquired due to tear in ear drum, infection

51. Cholesteatoma
Perforation of TM filled with cheesy white squamous debris
Possible conductive hearing loss
Drainage
Differential Diagnosis: squamous cell carcinoma

52. Cholesteatoma-Management
Large or complicated cholesteatomas require surgical excision
Complications include erosion of bone and promote further infection leading to meningitis, brain abscess, paralysis of facial nerve.

53. Barotrauma
Physical damage to body tissue due to difference in pressure between an air space inside or beside body and surrounding gas.
Ear barotrauma:

54. Barotrauma
Etiology is a change in atmospheric pressure. Negative pressure in the middle ear causes Eustachian tube to collapse.
Since air can not pass back through the ET, hearing loss and discomfort develop
Risk factors
Differential diagnosis should include serous, acute or chronic otitis media, bullous myringitis

55. Barotrauma
Hearing loss
Otalgia

56. Barotrauma-Management
Auto inflation by yawning, swallowing or chewing gum to facilitate opening of ET to equalize air pressure in middle ear
Decongestants
Myringotomy
Patient education to include valsalva maneuver.

57. Mastoid Portion of temporal bone posterior to the ear.
Mastoid air cells connect with the middle ear
Fluid in the middle ear can lead to fluid in the mastoid

58. Mastoiditis
Middle ear inflammation spreads to mastoid air cells resulting in infection and destruction of the mastoid bone.
Etiology: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pyogenes, and other bacteria

59. Mastoiditis Pain Bulging erythematous TM
Erythema, tenderness, edema over mastoid area
Postauricular fluctuance

60. Mastoiditis-Diagnosis/differentials
CT show bony destruction or drainable mastoid abscess
Tympanocentesis to culture middle ear fluid.( S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis)\
Culture of fluid
Differential diagnosis to include otitis media, Cellulitis, scalp infection with inflammation of posterior auricular nodes

61. Mastoiditis Complications
Destruction of mastoid bone
Spread to brain leading to brain abscess or epidural abscess

62. Mastoiditis-Management
Treat with antibiotics
Patients with severe or prolonged
May need to surgically remove a portion of the bone

63. Labyrinthitis Viral infection
Vestibular neural input disrupted to the cerebral cortex and brain stem
Vertigo due to inflammation and infection of labyrinth
Neurological exam normal
Can also follow allergy, cholesteatoma, or ingestion of drugs toxic to inner ear

64. Labyrinthitis Nausea/vomiting
Vertigo with head or body movements lasts about 1 min
Nystagmus(rotary away from affected ear)
Loss of balance

65. Labyrinthitis-History and PE
Diagnosis: Audiologic testing, CT and MRI
Differentiate other causes of dizziness by CT, MRI
Differential diagnosis to include acoustic neuroma, vertigo, cholesteatoma, meniere’s disease

66. Labyrinthitis-Management
Steroids
Sedatives
Antivert
Tigan
Patient reassurance that symptoms usually last 7-10 days with subsequent episodes up to 18 months.
Complications include spread of infection

67. Meniere’s Syndrome
Imbalance in secretion and absorption of endolymph fluid that causes buildup of fluid in cochlea.
Swelling leads to hair cell damage

68. Meniere’s Syndrome Episodic vertigo for 24-48 hours
Sensorineural hearing loss
Tinnitus
Fullness/pressure in ears
N/V/dizziness

69. Meniere’s Syndrome Diagnosis: Audiologic testing, CT
Valium, tigan, antivert
HCTZ
Low sodium diet
Labyrinthectomy if hearing already lost

70. Vertigo
Motion perceived when no motion, or exaggerated motion perceived in response to body movement
Causes-
Irritation to labyrinth
CNS
Brainstem or temporal lobe
8th cranial nerve dysfunction (acoustic neuroma)
Labyrinthitis, Meniere’s disease

71. Vertigo
N/V
In peripheral lesions nystagmus can be horizontal or rotational
Central lesions nystagmus is bi-directional or vertical
Evaluation

72. Vertigo
Differential diagnosis to include Diabletes mellitus, hypothyroidism, drugs such as alcohol, barbituates, salicylates, hyperventilation, cardiac origin
Management: Meclizine, Promethazine, Scopolamine

73. Tinnitus Perception of abnormal ear noises Can be ringing, hissing
Constant, intermittent, unilateral, or bilateral
Can originate in outer, middle or inner ear

74. Tinnitus- Causes
Etiology can include damage to inner ear or cochlea, middle ear infection, medication such as Aspirin, stimulants such as nicotine, and caffeine, noise induced, hypertension, presbycusis

75. Tinnitus-Treatment Some drugs such as antihistamines and CCB
ENT referral-
Antidepressants
Surgical intervention-

76. Example 1
A 22 year old swimmer complains of pain when moving her ear. She also has noticed a bump in front of her ear. She has noticed difficulty in hearing. On otoscopic exam you visualize this.
What is the complication associated with this?
What is the treatment
What are some patient education tips on this?

77. Example 2
A Diabetic patient is complaining of severe ear pain and otorrhea. On physical exam you note this.
What is your differential diangosis?
For what condition is this a complication?
What is the etiology and treatment for this?

78. Example 3
This is a 44 year old female who complains of increasing hearing loss, and believes she is going deaf.
What is the treatment of this?

79. Example 4
This patient recently had a viral infection. She now complains of a sudden onset of constant severe ear pain since yesterday. You see this on physical exam.
What is this?
How is this treated?

80. Example 5
This patient was SCUBA diving and had a non controlled ascent. He complains of tinnitus and severe ear pain since this incident. He thinks he has an ear infection.
What is this?
How is this treated?
What are some complications of this?

81. Example 6
A 2 year old presents to your clinic crying tugging her ear. Mother states child has a bad cold for a few days. On otoscopic exam you note this.
What is your differential diagnosis?
What are some etiologies of this?
What is the treatment for this?
What is the name of the vaccine which tries to prevent this?

82. Example 7
A child with a history of allergies complains of hearing loss to her right ear. She has no fever. Otoscopic exam reveals this.
What is this?
What is the management of this?
What is the treatment if child is not responsive to therapy?

83. Example 8
This 4 year old was not treated for AOM. Now the child has a fluctuant mass behind his ear. He also has a high fever. What is the diagnosis?
How would this be treated?
What diagnostics are necessary?

84. Example 9
A 35 year old female complains of vertigo with head movement. She also notices she is falling to the right side for the past 7 days. This is due to a viral infection.
What is this?
What is the pathophysiology of this?
What is the management of this?

85. Example 10
This patient has episodes of dizziness lasting up to 2 days. She also notices difficulty hearing low frequency notes to her left ear. In addition her left ear feels stuffy. She also hears a ringing in that ear.
What is the differential diagnosis?
How is this managed?