1. History of Oceanography
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Last Updated 2013

2. Oceanography History
~ 3,000 years ago people started to ask questions about the large bodies of water surrounding them!!
~ 130 years ago modern oceanography born
British and European expeditions launched to explore the sea floor
British 1872 – 1876 Challenger Expedition
WWII
U.S. Navy
Fighting Advantages to knowing sea floor/submarine warfare

3. Library of Alexandria
Eratosthenes of Cryene: 1st to estimate circumference of the Earth
Cartographer/Charts

4. Circumference of the Earth

5. Atlantic Exploring Egypt, Phoenicia and Crete Mapping of coast lines
Cartography
Migration due to trade of Mediterranean
2,900 years ago
Greeks explore beyond Straights of Gibraltar
Though Atlantic was a Big River, “Oceanus”
Greek word “okeano”, which means river
Alexander the Great, 325 B.C.

8. Polynesian Migration started 30,000 years ago
~500 AD: Polynesians (s.pacific islanders) who populate ~10,000 islands colonize Hawaii
Religious / Political tension/ Food/ Natural Disasters

9. Polynesian Canoe
Colonized much of South Pacific

11. Chinese ~ 1000 AD
Chinese
Compass
Originally used for land trips
later used in marine navigation
Water tight compartments
Central rudder on boat
Sails with masts
Venetian blinds
Developed a way to determine latitude based on stars
Used incense to determine Longitude
Magnetic Pointer: Spoon is Magnetite

13. Chinese Junk Vessel
Common Sailing Vessel in China 10th Century

15. Expeditions 1400’s to early 1500’s not a lot of Navigation?????
European Age of Discovery
1492: Columbus – Looking for a route to India for trade finds the “new world”
Finds Native Americans who have been here for over 11,000 years
1522: Magellan – Looking for trade to the Orient, circumnavigated the globe
Only 34 – 260 people survived the journey
1772 – James Cook Accurate maps of the Philippines

16. Columbus
Magellan
Cook

17. Columbus Lands in the Caribbean

22. 1728 – John Harrison, made the first chronometer, spring clock, time method for determining longitude
1840 – Matthew Maury- US Navy, made a chart of the Earth’s winds and currents, making traveling the open ocean much more efficient, father of physical oceanography

23. Harrison and Chronometer
Maury
Matthew Maury and Oceanography

24. Harrison's Marine Chronometer, 1762
                                                
Harrison's Marine Chronometer, 1762

25. The Challenger Expedition 1872 – 1876
Expedition of Ocean Features
Temperature
Chemistry
Currents
Marine Life
Geology of the sea floor
243 crewman, 6 scientists, 4 years, 362 sampling stations, 133 dredges, 4,700 new species found

26. 1872 – Challenger Expedition: 1stst expedition devoted to marine science
Charles Thomson/John Maury
Coined phrase “Oceanography”
Samples for scientific testing
50 volume set

28. Benjamin Franklin: Gulf Stream
Late 1700’s
Documented ocean currents off the US east coast
Gulf Stream
Fast moving current
Warm surface water
From Florida up north and across the Atlantic
“River in the ocean”
Winds
Rotation of the planet
Colder currents around and below stream
Moving as fast as 5 knots
Ben Franklin, the Fahrenheit Scale, and Versailles

31. First U.S. Navy Submarine
Purchased From John P. Holland in 1900 for $160,000, 45 HP engine, went a speed of 6 knots, commission the USS Holland (SS-1) October 12, 1900
USS Monitor: Science of the Deep

32. Vocab Terms Cartographer- Chart makers
Charts- Geographic representations that depict water and water related information
Library of Alexandria- Egypt 3rd Century B.C., founded by Alexander the great- 1st Marine Science, 1st higher education
Eratosthenes of Cyrene- 1st to calculate the circumference of the Earth
Latitude- Parallel to the equator
Longitude- Line the run pole to pole

33. Polynesian- Eastern Pacific Islanders
Vikings- Norway and Sweden, mainly people from northern Europe
Chris Columbus- Accidental discovery of the America’s
James Cook- British explorer
Ferdinand Magellan- Portugal, 1st voyage around the world – trading with orient, accidental discovery
Chronometer- Clock not governed by pendulum, which would be useless on a rolling ship, but by a spring escapement
Soundings- Depth measurements

34. Review Questions
What features would be most useful to include in a nautical chart? why?
What were the stimuli to Polynesian colonization? How were the long voyages accomplished? How ere Polynesian voyages different from (and similar to) those of the Vikings?
What were the main stimuli to European voyages of exploration during the Age of Discovery? Why did it end?
What were the oceanographic contributions of Prince Henry the Navigator, Benjamin Franklin, Matthew Maury, and Charles Darwin?
How can you find your approximate latitude and longitude at sea?

35. What were the goals and results of the United States Exploring Expedition? What U.S. institution greatly benefited from its efforts?
What was the first purely scientific oceanographic expedition, and what were some of its accomplishments? What contributions did the earlier, hybrid expeditions make?

36. Critical Thinking
How could you convince a 10 – y.o. that Earth is round? What evidence would a child offer that it’s flat? How can you counter those objections?
How did the Library of Alexandria contribute to the development of marine science? What happened to most of the information accumulated there? Why do you suppose the residents of Alexandria became hostile to the librarians and the many achievements of the library.
How did Eratosthenes calculate the approximate size of Earth? Which of his assumptions was the “shakiest?”
If Columbus did not discover North America, then who did?

37. Maori canoes. IRC. 2005. unitedstreaming
Maori canoes.. IRC unitedstreaming. 17 September 2008 <
Junk, Chinese. Library of Congress unitedstreaming. 17 September 2008 <
Greatest Inventions with Bill Nye: Exploration from Sea to Space. Discovery Education unitedstreaming. 18 September 2008 <