1. KGA172 SPACE, PLACE AND NATURE LECTURE 23 QUANTIFYING INTANGIBLE VALUES Ronlyn Duncan www.flickr.com/Lumasewww.flickr.com/Catchthedream www.flickr.com/Jimgoldstein

2. Lecture outline  defines intangible values  describes some of the ways in which intangible values can be quantified  relates to questions 10, 11 and 12  vocabulary is underlined

3. Intangible values = attitudes and preferences that are not immediately obvious, e.g. Aesthetic value lies in the brain of the beholder, partly hard-wired by evolutionary processes and partly induced by experience and socialisation. It includes sight, sound, smell, taste, touch and intuition. Intangible values: what are they? The archetypal beautiful view Only regarded as aesthetically attractive by vegetable gardeners

4. www.flickr.comwww.flickr.com by Today is a good day, 2005 www.flickr.com *Micky, 2006 www.australianforests.org.au/images/australia www.flickr.comwww.flickr.com by leoffreitas, 2006 leoffreitas

5. Temporal and spatial variation in aesthetic preference related to intergenerational differentiation, culture and class

6. How do we integrate environmental values into decisions … when they are:  intangible  often conflicting  time-consuming to obtain  difficult to separate out. Often left out or insufficiently recognised in decisions that alter or exploit space, place and nature.

7. What are the social values of urban woodlands?  March, 2003: postal survey sent to 1000 residents aged between 15-75 years randomly sampled.  Mapped social values of green areas.  Qualitative + quantitative approach. Tyrvainen, L., Makinen, K. & Schipperijn, J. (2007, p. 7). Tools for mapping social values of urban woodlands and other green areas. Landscape and Urban Planning, 79, 5-19.

8. Study site: East Helsinki, Finland, 10 km from city centre. Mainly young forests, former agricultural land and narrow forested belts. Tyrvainen, L., Makinen, K. & Schipperijn, J. (2007, p. 7). Tools for mapping social values of urban woodlands and other green areas. Landscape and Urban Planning, 79, 5-19.

9. What are the social values of urban woodlands?  How much and what kinds of green areas should be provided for residents in urban areas?  Do suburban green areas provide high- quality benefits for residents?  Where do residents find attractive and meaningful green areas and what are the characteristics of these areas?

10. Tyrvainen, L., Makinen, K. & Schipperijn, J. (2007, p. 14). Tools for mapping social values of urban woodlands and other green areas. Landscape and Urban Planning, 79, 5-19.

11. Also asked about negative values of unpleasantness, scariness and noise

12. Tyrvainen, L., Makinen, K. & Schipperijn, J. (2007, p. 14). Tools for mapping social values of urban woodlands and other green areas. Landscape and Urban Planning, 79, 5-19.

13. Tyrvainen, L., Makinen, K. & Schipperijn, J. (2007, p. 10). Tools for mapping social values of urban woodlands and other green areas. Landscape and Urban Planning, 79, 5-19. 80% very important 17% relatively important

14. Tyrvainen, L., Makinen, K. & Schipperijn, J. (2007, p. 10). Tools for mapping social values of urban woodlands and other green areas. Landscape and Urban Planning, 79, 5-19.

16. Tyrvainen, L., Makinen, K. & Schipperijn, J. (2007, p. 12). Tools for mapping social values of urban woodlands and other green areas. Landscape and Urban Planning, 79, 5-19. Thematic map for each quality was plotted from the votes received per area

17. Typology of environmental values

18. Economic valuation methods

19. Travel cost method  A revealed preference method  Uses actual behaviour and travel costs to reveal underlying preferences of individuals  Infers willingness to pay for environmental quality from decisions made about where to travel for recreation. Keohane, N.O. & S.M. Olmstead (2007). Markets and the Environment, Island Press, Washington. p. 33-43

20. Hedonic Pricing  A revealed preference method.  Uses observed market prices to infer value of environmental amenity that is “bundled” with private goods.  Often uses housing market data.  Infers from market real estate prices willingness to pay for environmental quality. Keohane, N.O. & S.M. Olmstead (2007). Markets and the Environment, Island Press, Washington. p. 33-43

21. Contingent Valuation  Contingent valuation is a stated preference method.  People are asked in surveys about their willingness to pay for an environmental amenity, e.g. better air quality. Keohane, N.O. & S.M. Olmstead (2007). Markets and the Environment, Island Press, Washington. p. 33-43

22. Recommended reading: On MyLO: Keohane, N.O. & S.M. Olmstead (2007). Markets and the Environment, Island Press, Washington. p. 33-43. Tyrvainen, L., Makinen, K. & Schipperijn, J. (2007, p. 14). Tools for mapping social values of urban woodlands and other green areas. Landscape and Urban Planning, 79, 5-19.