1. Responses to Classical Liberalism
30-1: Chapter 4
30-2: pg ; chapter 6

2. Responses to Classical Liberalism
Revolutionary
Reactionary
Social Utopians
Peaceful
Socialism
Marxism
Communism (later)
Drastic
Luddites & Chartists
Violent
Classical Conservatism
“Blast to the past”
Responses to Classical Liberalism

3. The Luddites and Chartists
Find these groups in your textbook on your own. Go to the index at the back and look up the Luddites and Chartists
Research Luddites and Chartists on own
Identify:
Why they dislike classical liberalism
What were their goals
What were their methods
What key events happened because of their actions
What was the end result of their actions
The Luddites and Chartists

4. Socialists Value… Review Economic equality among citizens
Socialism is any ideology that believes that resources should be controlled by the public for the benefit of everyone in society and not by private interests for the benefit of private owners and investors
Economic equality among citizens
Achieved through income security for all through guaranteed: employment & living standards
Cooperation is favoured over competition
But, implementation of these ideas can only be done with a high degree of involvement by the state in the economy
Socialists Value…

5. Recognized the good that came out of wealth generation
But they were not satisfied with how it was distributed among the citizenry, especially workers
Rejected the lack of equality and humanitarianism in classical liberalism and deplored the social injustices that resulted
Like the Luddites and Chartists, socialists wanted change
However, socialism grew to become an ideology
Socialists Wanted…

6. Social Utopians

7. Social Utopians First promoted by Thomas Moore
His book, Utopia, outlined the concept of an ideal society
Most of their beliefs were idealistic rather than pragmatic – they had no interest in overturning the political, economic, and social systems of they day
Instead, they focused on humanitarianism, wanting to see an end to the appalling working conditions of the day
Social Utopians

8. Social Utopians Significant People Thomas More – Great Britain
Robert Owen – Great Britain
Charles Fourier – France
Claude Saint-Simon – France
Horace Greeley - USA
Social Utopians

9. Social Utopians Goals:
Provide education for workers
Improve working conditions
These two changes would peacefully end the worst aspects of laissez-faire capitalism
This will lead to an “ideal” society where everybody is happy
Social Utopians

10.
Believed that the harshness of laissez-faire capitalism corrupted human nature
He believed that individuals could reach their true potential if given the freedom to do so
Thus education is the key to a human society
At 19 he opened his first business
In 1800, he became the manager of the “Chorton Twist Company” in New Lanark, Scotland
Owen’s Experiment

11. “It is therefore, the interest of all, that every one, from birth, should be well educated, physically and mentally, that society may be improved in its character, that everyone should be beneficially employed, physically and mentally, that the greatest amount of wealth may be created, and knowledge attained, that everyone should be placed in the midst of those external circumstances that will produce the greatest number of pleasurable sensations, through the longest life, that man may be made truly intelligent, moral and happy, and be thus prepared to enter upon the coming Millennium” – Robert Owen
Owen’s Experiment

12. Owen’s Experiment: New Lanark

13. Owen’s Experiment: New Lanark
First created the Institute for the Formation of Character
Essentially a daycare
Infants were cared for while parents worked
Children attended school until 10 years old
At 10, they worked a 10-hour day (shorter than the usual 13)
Adult education was also available
He also sponsored free medical care, concerts, and dances
Owen’s Experiment: New Lanark

14. Owen’s Experiment: New Lanark
Living conditions were also improved
Houses were renovated
New ones were built with comfort in mind
Streets were paved and regularly cleaned
The village was landscaped
There were fines for “disruptive social behaviour” (like drunkenness)
Owen wanted to improve all aspects of the workers’ lives, including their moral character
Owen’s Experiment: New Lanark

15. Owen’s Experiment: New Lanark
Owen fostered a co-operative attitude between management and labour
He brought in an incentive system to reward good work
Black marker – bad behaviour
Blue marker – indifferent
Yellow marker – good behaviour
White marker – excellent behaviour
Thus Owen sought improve society as a whole, and this needed to be accomplished through co-operation
Owen’s Experiment: New Lanark

16. Common Socialist Values
All socialists agree on
Private ownership of the means of production permits exploitation
The state should direct the economy to achieve economic equality for all citizens
Society should be classless
The big difference between types of socialists are their method for transforming liberal capitalist society
Common Socialist Values

17. Socialism, Marxism, Communism

18. Text: “An ideology arguing that citizens are best served by policies focused on meeting the basic needs of the entire society rather than on serving the needs of individuals as individuals.”
Socialism has ancient roots. The Judeo-Christian belief in the common good, which takes precedence over individual desires
Socialism Defined

19. Socialism’s Emergence
Liberal political parties in 19th century Europe failed to address the desperate needs of working people.
Classical liberalism views poverty as an individual choice or failure, not the result of social structures. Also suspicious of big government.
Socialism provides a different conception of individual responsibility & of government.
Many modern labour governments are based on socialist ideals. Like Tony Blair’s UK government
Socialism’s Emergence

20. Socialism’s Principles
Egalitarianism or equality.  Humankind will be unified and cooperative, once wealth is owned and used for the common good. Capitalism exploits the very people who create society’s wealth.
Moralism. Division of rich & poor is evil; capitalism is fundamentally unjust. Instead, the ideal future emphasizes peace, social justice and true liberty for all. 
Socialism’s Principles

21. A variation on socialism that argues that socialism and democracy can work together. Example: British Labour Party.
Change comes through peaceful democratic processes like elections.
Democratic governments should promote economic - as well as political - freedom & equality.
Socialist political parties compete and win office in every western democracy except the United States.
Argentina Australia, Belgium, Britain, Canada, Colombia, Denmark, Fiji, France, Germany, India, Ireland, Israel, Malaysia, Netherland, Puerto Rico, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Venezuela.
Why might this be so? What’s different about the U.S.?
Social Democracy

22. Democratic Socialists of America
“Democratic Socialists believe that both the economy and society should be run democratically—to meet public needs, not to make profits for a few…. many structures of our government and economy must be radically transformed … so that ordinary Americans can participate in the many decisions that affect our lives.”
Democratic Socialists of America

23. Social Democracy & Marxism: Similarities
Sees capitalism as exploitive, leading to social injustice and extreme income inequality.
These economic conditions have adverse effects on ordinary working people – in terms of physical health, psychological well-being, housing, education, etc.
Both ask the question: why should those who provide the money (capital) receive all the profits, and those who provide the labor receive none of the profits?
It is labor, after all, that turns raw materials (including cash) into something with greater value.
Social Democracy & Marxism: Similarities

24. Social Democracy & Marxism: Differences
Private property not abolished, but the public should control the use of property and make necessities available to all.
Individual rights not abolished but should complement other important values such as concern for others.
Change can occur through an evolutionary process that uses democratic means.
Karl Marx said social democrats were naive to think that “enlightened capitalists” would join with workers to form a new society.
Violent revolution was inevitable.
Social Democracy & Marxism: Differences

25. Socialism & Marxism Key Philosopher: Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels
Let’s turn to our philosophers notes
As seen in our philosophers notes, Marxism represents the ideal that socialism evolves from capitalism
Marx’s Key Ideas
Slave system gave way to feudal economy
Feudal economy broke down with manufacturing, towns, navigation, middle class…
Industrial capitalism emerged with two classes: the proletariat and the bourgeoisie
Socialism & Marxism

26. The 10 demands that Marx and Engels outlined essentially puts all of the power into the state’s hands
We call this a Command Economy or a Centrally Planned Economy
Socialism & Marxism

27. Socialism & Marxism Command Economy Market Economy
Government planning and intervention are the primary economic factors
Prices are regulated by government planners
Scarcity, supply and demand, and competition are the primary economic factors
Prices fluctuate depending on the # of goods produced and how they are produced
Socialism & Marxism

28. Socialism & Marxism Command China North Korea Soviet Union Mixed
Canada
Netherlands
Market
USA
United Kingdom
Mexico
Socialism & Marxism

29. Communist Revolution Inevitable
Capitalism creates huge factories. Workers become concentrated and begin to organize for legal reforms (higher wages/better working conditions). Their effort fails.
Fierce competition between capitalists leads to new technologies, which leads to lower costs.
In the competition, some capitalists go bankrupt & have to become workers, and many workers lose their jobs as new technology replaces them.
(Consider reports that U.S. workers’ productivity is going up. Fewer workers are making more goods, which means technology is replacing them.)
Communist Revolution Inevitable

30. Communist Revolution Inevitable
Greater numbers of people permanently unemployed. Misery widespread.
Fewer people can afford the products of capitalists, so fewer companies survive.
Class struggle reaches a climax.
Conditions now ripe for revolution. The proletariat, having nothing to lose but their chains, rise up.
Communist Revolution Inevitable

31. Revolution will eliminate private property
Revolution will eliminate private property. No longer will man have the means of exploiting another man.
Bourgeoisie will fight, so revolution will be violent.
A dictatorship of the proletariat will follow to weed out remaining capitalist elements.
In the end, a classless society with no more oppression or internal contradictions.
People will be free to choose how they labor, and can be creatively productive. They will be able to live to their fullest potential. Consider the description in Marx’s Communist Manifesto in 1845:
Communist Revolution

32. Communist Revolution: Worker’s Utopia
“In communist society, …nobody has one exclusive sphere of activity but each can become accomplished in any branch he wishes,… to hunt in the morning, fish in the afternoon, rear cattle in the evening, criticize after dinner, … without ever becoming hunter, fisherman, herdsman or critic.”
Communist Revolution: Worker’s Utopia

33. Classical Conservatism
Whereas the Luddites and Chartists sought to return to “the old ways” through violence, many non-violent reformers made inroads as well

34. A contemporary of Adam Smith who arrived at a significantly different conclusion
Burke was not a political philosopher, however, he was an influential man
He was horrified by the extremes of the French Revolution
Flaws of equality, individualism, and freedom
He believed that established institutions run by educated people were necessary to control the masses
Edmund Burke,

35. Classical Conservatism
Thus Burke and many others spearheaded the ideology of Classical Conservatism
A desire to return to the pre-industrialist world
A rejection of tyranny in any form; whether in a monarchy or less-organized government structure
American Revolution = good
French Revolution = bad
Burke believed that Rousseau’s concept of “general will of the people” was unrealistic, unnatural, and dangerous
Classical Conservatism

36. Values of Classical Conservatism
Society is an organic whole that should be structured hierarchically
Only those suited to leadership are permitted to lead
Government should be chosen by a limited electorate with special rights, responsibilities, and privileges
Leaders should be humanitarian – their role is to care for the welfare of others
The stability of society is of paramount concern – this is achieved through law and order, and maintenance of customs and traditions that bind society together
Values of Classical Conservatism

37. Complete these two assignments individually to review the material that we have studied in class.
The chart is for review and organization.
Show your completed chart & question for 5 participation marks
Create a chart in which you outline the similarities and differences between the five ideologies that we just studied
Answer the following:
Why did ideologies develop in response to classical liberalism? What classical liberal beliefs and values were challenged by these new ideologies?
Review Activity