1. models 1/22 Broadbent Geoffrey (1973). Design in Architecture: architecture and the human sciences, John Wiley and Sons, London E = mc 2

2. what is a model ? ● a representation ● an analogy ● Spenser ● transport systems/blood 2/22

3. why model ? 3/22

4. 4/22 model describes usefulness theory explains

5. what do we model ? things processes stir add milk add chocolate 5/22

6. characteristics of models ●not complete 1:1 mapping ●want to focus on certain aspects ●different views of same thing 6/22

7. types of models iconic analogue symbolic

8. iconic model ●‘look’s like what it represents ●specific relationship to what it represents ●e.g. scale – down or up ●can never share all properties 8/22

9. 9/22 iconic model

10. analogue model ●iconic model not convenient ●properties of a different kind ●economy - bath 10/22

11. analogue model

12. 12/22 symbolic model ● abstract ● uses symbols ●words, numbers, variables, graphical ● can handle large complex descriptions

13. 12/22 symbolic model E = mc 2 y = x 2 + 4x + 2 words, words, words $$$

14. computers use symbolic models 14/22 must use a formal model

15. not always clear 15/22

16. variables 16/22 ●quantitative - qualitative ●temperature - comfort ●evaluation ●prediction

17. model building ●what has to be modelled ●select kind of model for purpose ●decide on components ●test and validate 17/22

18. model building 18/22 if model not adequate then results will not match reality

19. model building 19/22 ●model must represent all variables ●if something missing - distortion ●all variables must be relevant ●not just because data available ●be aware of distortions ● use of different materials ● be careful of data entered ●G I GO

20. logic models 20/22 reasoning not computation

21. logic models ●deduction ●(a, a  b)  (b) ●induction ●(a, b)  (a  b) ●abduction ●(b, a  b)  p(a) 21/22

22. logic and design deduction induction abduction 22/22 logic design analysis learning synthesis