1. Transport systems in animals

2. Providing for the cell’s needs
The cell theory states that all living organisms are made up of cells or substances produced by cells.
All cells need nutrients eg glucose and oxygen in order to function properly, be active and grow.
The cells use the nutrients and produce wastes eg carbon dioxide that must be removed as they can be toxic and damage the cells.
The process that provides energy for the activity of cells is cellular respiration. The formula for cellular respiration is:
glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + ENERGY
C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + Energy (ATP + waste heat)

3. Why we need organ systems
Organisms which are single-celled or very small and thin (less than 1 mm) can exchange materials through their body surfaces.
Because most multi-cellular organisms are too large for exchange of nutrients and wastes to occur through their body surfaces, they need organs to allow this exchange. Most multi-cellular organisms have organs arranged in systems to do this:
A transport system - called the circulatory system to bring these nutrients to the cells, and to carry away wastes,
A system to allow exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide - called the respiratory system
A system to obtain nutrients - called the digestive system
A system to deal with and remove wastes from the body - called the excretory system

4. Open circulatory systems
Open systems have one or more pumps (hearts) and tubes that empty into body cavities. The fluid (haemolymph) can leave the vessels.
Found in smaller invertebrates
Insect
Crustacean
Mollusc

5. Closed circulatory systems
Closed systems have one or more hearts and blood vessels that feed back to the heart. The fluid (blood) does not leave the vessels.
Found mainly in the vertebrates
The number of chambers in the heart varies

6. What is a closed circulatory system?
The circulatory system carries blood and dissolved
substances to and from different places in the body.
The Heart has the job of pumping these things around
the body.
The Heart pumps blood and substances around the
body in tubes called blood vessels.
The Heart and blood vessels together make up the
Circulatory System.

7. Aorta - Artery to Head and Body Pulmonary artery - Vein from Lungs
The Mammalian Heart
Pulmonary artery - Artery to Lungs
Aorta - Artery to Head and Body
Pulmonary artery - Vein from Lungs
Superior vena cava - Vein from Head and Body
Right Atrium
Left Atrium
Semi lunar valves
Right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid)
Left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid)
Right Ventricle
Left Ventricle

8. Mammalian circulation
Arterioles branch into capillaries
Gas exchange occurs across capillaries, whose walls are one cell thick
Capillaries connect to venules
Venules connect to veins
Veins return blood to the heart
Blood flows out of and away from the ventricular chambers via arteries
Arteries branch into arterioles