1. POSITIVE TUBULAR ELECTRODES FOR LEAD ACID BATTERIES WITH 180 Ah Kg -1, SPECIFIC CAPACITY J. de Andrade*, P. R. Impinnisi, J. T. Tortteli Institute of Technology for Development – LACTEC – PR, Brazil *e-mail address: juliano2@lactec.org.br

2. 1. Objective Feasibility of using nanostructured chemically formed PbO 2 on tubular electrodes.

3. Presentation Structure 2. Introduction 3. Results and Discussions 3.1 Coefficient of PAM Utilization for Different Previous Treatment 3.2 Deep Discharge/Pulsed Charge Cycles 4. Conclusions 3.3 Potential vs SOC Curves During Pulsed Charge

4. 2. Introduction Lead acid 30 - 40 Wh Kg -1 Ni-MH 40 – 80 Wh Kg -1 Li-Ion 150 – 200 Wh Kg -1 M.S. Tabaatabaai, et. al., Journal of Power Sources, 158 (2006) 879-884. Foam Grids

5. 2. Introduction (continuation) Chemically formed material pasted on conductive polyethylene bipolar plates. H. Karami, et. al., Journal of Power Sources, 164 (2007) 896-904. Mini tubular electrodes with previously chemically formed active material. 100 Ah Kg -1 and more than 150 cycles. M. Bervas, et. al., Journal of Power Sources, 173 (2007) 570-577.

6. 2. Introduction (continuation) Nanometric PbO 2 chemically synthesized as active material for tubular electrodes. A. Caballero, et. al., Journal of Power Sources, 113 (2003) 376. A. Winsel, et. al., Journal of Power Sources, 30 (1990) 209-226.

7. 3. Results and Discussions 3.1 Coefficient of PAM Utilization for Different Previous Treatment Figure 1.Electrode without previous treatment. Figure 2. 2h 2.0 M H 2 SO 4 solution immersion, washed and dried.

8. 3.1 – TEM images of the active material Figure 3. Active material before electrode assembly. Figure 4. Active material after previous treatment and cycles shown in Fig 2.

9. 3.3 Deep Discharge/Pulsed Charge Cycles t on = t off = 500 ms I = 1C 30 A (2 h for theoretically complete charge) 180 Ah g -1 130 cycles Figure 6. Deep discharge/pulsed charge cycles for PbO 2 and electrodes.

10. 3.4 Potential vs SOC Curves During Pulsed Charge Figure 8. PbO electrode, t on = t off = 500 ms and I = 2C 30. Figure 7. Nanometric PbO 2 electrode, t on = t off = 500 ms and I = 2C 30.

11. PAM Electrical Resistance D. Pavlov, Journal of Power Sources, 53 (1995) 9-21. PAM 30 m 2 g -1

12. 4. Conclusions Positive tubular electrodes can be assembled with nanometric PbO 2 if suitable methods are used to aggregate the particles. Stable capacity, until the number of cycles verified. Highly resistive electrodes. High utilization coefficient trough cycles. Necessity to evaluate the ‘active mass collecting layer’ in electrodes with previously chemically formed nanometric active material.

13. Acknowledgements Financial support - Paranaense Energy Company – COPEL Laboratory structure - Technology Institute for Development – LACTEC