2. Learning Tool 1 This tool involves simulated bicycle rides by a hypothetical rider. It allows you to: set a variety of work rates, known as power output (W) watch the cyclist pedal at these different power outputs until exhaustion watch the contributions from the energy systems and see the speed at which they deplete vary the fitness of the cyclist and see the impact this has on performance. A larger version of the Learning Tool screen appears on the next slide.

3. Learning Tool 1

4. Learning Tool 2 This tool involves a simulated run, and you can enter your own performance data. It allows you to: exercise maximally, running a set distance in a practical class, and then enter your weight, distance and time determine your aerobic fitness level simulate the contribution that each energy system has made during your maximal running performance estimate the total energy required to perform the activity. A larger version of the Learning Tool screen appears on the next slide.

5. Learning Tool 2

6. Aerobic with oxygen rate: slow capacity: large ~ 2–6 litres O 2 /min The energy systems ENERGY SYSTEMS Anaerobic without oxygen rate: fast capacity: small rate is equivalent to ~ 6–12 litres O 2 /min

7. Aerobic metabolism of glucose Glucose + Oxygen = + Carbon dioxide + Water energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 = + 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O 2900 kJ

8. Anaerobic metabolism of glucose Glucose = + Lactic acid C 6 H 12 O 6 = + 2C 3 H 6 O 3 120 kJenergy

9. ATP is a molecule which is like a battery, floating in the cell to deliver useable energy. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

10. Oxygen Sugars Fats Proteins Aerobic metabolism Mechanical energy Heat energy +

11. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) = high-energy phosphate bonds O P HO H adenosine HO O P HO H O P HO H

12. O P HO H adenosine HO = high-energy phosphate bonds Release of energy energy O P HO H O P HO H ATP ADP + P + energy

13. The three energy systems ENERGY SYSTEMS Aerobic Glycolytic (lactic acid) Phosphagen (ATP – CP) Anaerobic

14. CP C+ P+ P++ADPATP P+ +ADP Mechanical work ATP Energy release via the phosphagen system energy 1 2

15. Lactic acid Carbohydrates Glucose without O 2 with O 2 Aerobic system Energy release via the glycolytic system ATP

16. Lactic acid CarbohydratesProteinsFats GlucoseAmino acidsFatty acids without O 2 with O 2 Aerobic system Mitochondrion CO 2 H2OH2O Aerobic production of ATP ATP O2O2

17. Aerobic fitness and heart size Heart size compared to body size LowHigh Low High Aerobic fitness level shrew

18. Maximum aerobic fitness levels – females

19. Maximum aerobic fitness levels – males

20. The power curve of human performance