1. Introduction to Microbiology
Dr. Sudheer Kher
Prof & HOD, Dept of Microbiology

2. Objectives
Identify the contributions to microbiology made by Koch, Pasteur, van Leeuwenhoek, Lister, Ehrlich, Fleming, and Jenner
Describe the system of scientific nomenclature used to name microorganisms
List major groups of microorganisms and their habitats

3. Introduction to Microbiology
Dept of Microbiology
Microbiology
Clinical Microbiology
Medical Microbilogy
Scope & Branches of Microbiology
Theory, Practicals, Exams
Basic functioning of Micro Lab
Universal Safety Precautions

4. Historical YEAR NAME ACHIEVEMENT 1st century BC Varo
Concept of “Animalia minuta”
1546
Fracostorius
Contagion- Cause of syphilis
1590
Jensen
Hand lens
1683
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
First Microscope
“Animalcules”
1678
Robert Hook
Compound microscope
1745
Needham (Priest)
Abiogenesis
1836
Schulze & Schwan
Air contains microbes
1840
Oliver Homes, Poet physician
Contageousness & Puerperal fever
1846
Ignaz Semmelweis
Cause, concept & prophylaxis of child-bed fever
1853
Augustino Bassi
Silk worm disease due to a fungus

5. Louis Pasteur 1822-95 French chemist Wine industry problem
Father/Founder of Modern Microbiology
Fermentation – a microbiological process
Beer/Wine not produced without microbes

6. Louis Pasteur 1822-95 Methods & Techniques of cultivation
His discovery that most infectious diseases are caused by germs, known as the "germ theory of disease," is one of the most important in medical history.
Introduced sterilization
Tyndalization (Tyndal-1877)
Studied Silkworm disease, anthrax, chicken cholera, hydrophobia.

7. Louis Pasteur
Introduced live vaccines – Jenner (Cow-pox vaccine)
Antirabic vaccine
Pasteur Institutes

8. Joseph Lister 1867 Prof of Surgery, Glasgow Royal Infirmatory
Introduced Antiseptic Surgery
Called Father of Antiseptic Surgery

9. Robert Koch 1843-1910 German general practitioner
Perfected bacteriological techniques
Isolated pure cultures of bacteria for the first time
Discovered Anthrax bacilli, Cholera vibrio, M. tuberculosis
Father of Medical Microbiology
Hypersensitivity

12. Historical YEAR NAME ACHIEVEMENT 1902 Walter Reed
Yellow fever in Cuba – viral nature
1909
Landsteiner
Polio transmission
1929
Alexander Fleming
First antibiotic -Penicillin
1930
1934
Good pasture
Ruska
Virus cultivation
1941
Flury
Use of Penicillin therapeutically

15. Highlights in the History of Microbiology
1677
Observed "little animals" (Antony Leeuwenhoek)
1796
First scientific Small pox vaccination (Edward Jenner)
1850
Advocated washing hands to stop the spread of disease (Ignaz Semmelweis)
1861
Disproved spontaneous generation (Louis Pasteur)
1862
Supported Germ Theory of Disease (Louis Pasteur)
1867
Practiced antiseptic surgery (Joseph Lister)

16. Highlights in the History of Microbiology
1876
First proof of Germ Theory of Disease with B. anthracis discovery (Robert Koch)
1881
Growth of Bacteria on solid media (Robert Koch)
1882
Outlined Kochs postulates (Robert Koch)
1882
Developed acid-fast Stain (Paul Ehrlich)
1884
Developed Gram Stain (Christian Gram)
1885
First Rabies vaccination (Louis Pasteur)

17. Highlights in the History of Microbiology
1887
Invented Petri Dish
(R.J. Petri)
1892
Discovered viruses (Dmitri Iosifovich Ivanovski)
1899
Recognized viral dependence on cells for reproduction (Martinus Beijerinck)
1900
Proved mosquitoes carried the yellow fever agent (Walter Reed)
1910
Discovered cure for syphilis (Paul Ehrlich)
1928
Discovered Penicillin (Alexander Fleming)

18. Highlights in the History of Microbiology
1977
Developed a method to sequence DNA (W. Gilbert & F. Sanger)
1983
Polymerase Chain Reaction invented (Kary Mullis)
1995
First microbial genomic sequence published (H. influenzae) (TIGR)

19. Nomenclature
Scientific name (Systematic Name) Binomial System of Nomenclature
Genus name + species name
Italicized or underlined
Genus name is capitalized and may be abbreviated
Species name is never abbreviated
A genus name may be used alone to indicate a genus group; a species name is never used alone
eg: Bacillus subtilis       B. subtilis

20. Nomenclature Common or descriptive names (trivial names)
Names for organisms that may be in common usage, but are not taxonomic names
eg: tubercle bacillus         (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
meningococcus (Neiserria meningitidis)
Group A streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes)

21. Nomenclature
For viruses - common names are used e. g. Polio virus, HIV, Influenza virus
For parasites – Either binomial or common names are used e.g.
Round worm, Ascaris lumbricoides, A. lumbricoides
Dog tape worm, Echinococcus granulosus, E. granulosus