1. Østfold Research Foundation STØ What is LCA? Based in a systems approach to the product Based in the functionality of the product Covers the whole life cycle of all materials Cover all impacts related to environment, health and resources

2. Østfold Research Foundation STØ The Life Cycle Model of a Product System

3. Østfold Research Foundation STØ Life Cycle Assessment Framework Goal and scope definition Inventory analysis Impact assessment Interpretation Identification of Evaluation Significant issues Conclusions, recommendations and reporting Direct applications

4. Østfold Research Foundation STØ LCA Application Identify major contributors to environmental impacts Compare different options for improvements Provide guidance in long term strategic planning Help to train product designers Compare functionally of equivalent products Inform customers about best selection and use of products

5. Østfold Research Foundation STØ Five important questions to be answered from LCA studies Do we have the right projects? (Technology, organisational, marketing, etc.) Do we work with the right products/processes (Sunrise, mature or sunset products) Do we have the right areas of concern? (Resources, climate change, toxicity, etc.) Do we give attention to the right solutions? (End of pipe, process optimisation, product development) Do we in fact have the right business idea?

6. Østfold Research Foundation STØ Development in the types of LCA applications in companies Need of competence Time Increased knowledge own products Strategic decision making Marketing and external information

7. Østfold Research Foundation STØ Driving forces - from regarded as to documented as -Increased marked demand for more eco-effective solutions in the society - The population and welfare growth in the global society in the next 20-40 years will demand 4-10 times more eco-effective solutions. -In 1999, several Environmental Management Tools have been standardised according to ISO-14000 series (14025, 14031, 14042-43) -The Kyoto protocol implementation in European politics will result in a need to document reductions in CO2 emissions as an instrument in tradable quotas

8. Østfold Research Foundation STØ ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Data base Poll. Prev Assessm. Poll. Prev Assessm. Life Cycle Assessm. Life Cycle Assessm. Env. Acc. System Env. Acc. System Env. Prod. Declar. Env. Prod. Declar. Env. Perf. Indicators Env. Perf. Indicators Goals and mgmt. Investments and financing Investments and financing Reporting Env. Prod. Developm. Env. Prod. Developm. Sales and marketing Sales and marketing

9. Østfold Research Foundation STØ ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN - A POSITIONING FACTOR OR A MANDATORY SYSTEM? ENVIRONMENT AS A POSITIONING FACTOR : Focus on innovative, sustainable solutions Environmental concern as a business opportunity Product-oriented strategies, life cycle and systems approach Early users of new, innovative tools (LCA, EPI, EPD, Industrial Ecology etc. Systematic implementation of tools and knowledge ENVIRONMENT AS A MANDATORY SYSTEM Focus on simpler, more easy achievable solutions Environmental concern one of several factors to be considered in decision making More traditional process- orientation to problems Focus on ISO 14000 or EMAS Case to case application of environmental tools

10. Østfold Research Foundation STØ STRATEGIC EVALUATIONS

11. Østfold Research Foundation STØ Gross and net material efficiency of packaging solutions

12. Østfold Research Foundation STØ Assessment of packaging solutions - net material and energy efficiencies

13. Østfold Research Foundation STØ Strategic assessment of packaging solutions

14. Østfold Research Foundation STØ ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE INDICATORS AND EVALUATION Based on ISO 14031 Standard which was approved in spring 1999 Based on environmental assessment of products and plant operation, and stakeholder assessment Increasing information and management value by decreasing the number of parameters to a minimum of high priority areas of concern Used for internal management decisions and external reporting to stakeholders

15. Østfold Research Foundation STØ ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE INDICATORS (EPI) Traditional environmental parameters tons of coal combusted tons of oil combusted tons of virgin clay purchased m3 water used in process per y tons of CO2 emitted to air per y tons of NO2 emitted to air per y tons of SO2 emitted to air per y kg Hg emitted to air per year kg Zn emitted to air per year Environmental Performance Indicators # days per year with emissions beyond permit # MJ of fossil energy combusted/ton of product # Kg. GWA in CO2 units/ton of product # g heavy metals/ton of product # kg recycled materials per ton of product percent of sale related to products within green range

16. Østfold Research Foundation STØ EPI STRUCTURE IN THE INDUSTRY

17. Østfold Research Foundation STØ EPI Communication matrix - Type and frequency of indicators

18. Østfold Research Foundation STØ EPI Environmental Management Matrix- Type and frequency of indicators?

19. Østfold Research Foundation STØ IMPLEMENTATION OF EPIS IN MANAGEMENT/COMMUNICATION PROCESSES Define significant aspects Define EPIs Define target values for EPIs Define responsibility Internal regular reporting Effect and activity indicators Corrective measures External reporting

20. Østfold Research Foundation STØ EPI IN THE CEMENT INDUSTRY - RESOURCE SENSITIVTY ASPECT 2

21. Østfold Research Foundation STØ EPI IN THE CEMENT INDUSTRY - ENERGY RESOURCE EFFICIENCY

22. Østfold Research Foundation STØ EPI IN THE CEMENT INDUSTRY - NO x - EMISSIONS

23. Østfold Research Foundation STØ EPI IN THE CEMENT INDUSTRY - NUMBER OF EMISSION ACCIDENTS

24. Østfold Research Foundation STØ ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE INDICATOR 1 - SHARE OF GREEN RANGE PRODUCTS TO TOTAL SALE

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26. Østfold Research Foundation STØ RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LCA AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

27. Østfold Research Foundation STØ A MODEL FOR SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT MANAGEMENT

28. Østfold Research Foundation STØ A STEP-WISE MODEL FOR SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

29. Østfold Research Foundation STØ WHY USE A REFERENCE PRODUCT AS A STARTING POINT? To identify the most important problems and sources for problems with existing products with similar functions, both concerning environmental impacts, life cycle costs and customer satisfaction (gap analysis) To have a reference point to document improvements with a new product

30. Østfold Research Foundation STØ ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF LIGHT FITTING SYSTEM

31. Østfold Research Foundation STØ ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF RAW MATERIALS TO LIGHT FITTINGS

32. Østfold Research Foundation STØ STEP 2: IDEA GENERATION FOR PRODUCT SYSTEM IMPROVEMENTS Systematic search for improvement options based on experiences from reference case Identify options from four strategies for improvements

33. Østfold Research Foundation STØ IDEAS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF LIGHT FITTINGS SYSTEM 1.A new design with 30% reduction in material consumption 2.Substitution of all aluzink parts with black tin 3.Use of recovered aluminum and steel as a substitute for 70% of the virgin materials. 4.Recover the most important weight fractions after use 5. 2x36W armatures or 2x58W armatures 6. Integration of energy conserving equipments (infra red switcher, day-light switcher, modern electronic reactors etc.),

34. Østfold Research Foundation STØ EFFECTS OF IMPROVEMENT OPTIONS FOR LIGHT FITTINGS - AVERAGE ENERGY CONDITIONS

35. Østfold Research Foundation STØ LIFE CYCLE COST EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT OPTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENTS OF LIGHT FITTINGS

36. Østfold Research Foundation STØ CORRESPONDANCE BETWEEN PRODUCT ECONOMY AND OPTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENTS OF PRODUCTS

37. Østfold Research Foundation STØ CORRESPONDANCE BETWEEN CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS AND OPTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENTS

38. Østfold Research Foundation STØ ASSUMPTION IN THE DYNAMIC LCA MODEL -10% annual increase in total environmental performance of the production of raw materials and assembly of the light fittings -30% increase in environmental performance of the user phase each third year, by the release of new products. -60% recovery and use of recovered steel and aluminum in the light fittings (scenario B), compared to 0% recovery in the reference case (scenario A) -Replacement of the light fittings 1, 2, 4 or 12 times during a twelve-year period by the user, with new and more innovative solutions.

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40. Østfold Research Foundation STØ ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATIONS ISO 14025 Guidelines for Environmental Product Declarations approved in summer 1999 - basis for industrial sectors and national/international approaches Norwegian prestudy carried out in 1999 - methodology and format to be finished during autumn Nordic project planned to be initiated during the winter 1999-2000.

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45. Østfold Research Foundation STØ Faktor 4/10 utvikling i øko-effektivitet

46. Østfold Research Foundation STØ Industrial Ecology - webs of value chains Two types of industrial ecology webs Geographical webs (Eco-parks) Functional webs (Offices etc.)

47. Østfold Research Foundation STØ DRIKKEVARESYSTEMETS OPPBYGGING

48. Østfold Research Foundation STØ Struktur for et komplett drikkevaresystem

49. Østfold Research Foundation STØ Det norske drikkevareforbruket i 1997

50. Østfold Research Foundation STØ Emballasjeforbruk - antall enheter justert for ombruksemballasje

51. Østfold Research Foundation STØ Factor 4/10 design methodology -Organisation based on functional systems -Analysis of reference system (historically and present status) -Scenario analyses (forecasting and backcasting- VIP methodology?) -Defining a new systems vision for a Factor 4/10 solution -Defining and describing alternative solutions for approaching the Factor 4/10 goal

52. Østfold Research Foundation STØ Factor 4/10 design methodology (cont.) -Analysing alternative solutions in a coarse context – redifining vision and solutions -Implementation of new vision and best solutions -Implementation of new systems architecture -How to motivate changes in user behaviour -Technological solutions