1. The West at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century
Chapter 30
The West at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century
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2. The most important accomplishment of the European Community was the launching on January 1, 1999, of the Euro, a single monetary unit that replaced the national currencies of most of its member nations. In Frankfurt, Germany people crowded around a symbol of the new currency.
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3. Displacement of People Through War
World War II caused the displacement of 43 million people
People displaced included Jews, Germans, Soviet prisoners of war afraid to go back to Stalinist Russia, along with Baltic, Polish, and Yugoslav prisoners
Many ethnic minorities driven into their ethnic homelands
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4. Migration of 20th Century People
Decolonization led people to leave colonies and return to their homeland (e.g. Great Britain received thousands of immigrants from its former colonies in the Caribbean, Africa, and India)
Racial tensions arrive as many working class people resent the new immigrants
Extreme right-wing group National Front in France runs Jean-Marie Le Pen in a losing election to Jacques Chirac in 2002
Similar racist movements arise in many other European countries
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5. The New Muslim Population
Immigration of Muslims into Europe come from two chief sources
European economic growth – labor shortages lead some European nations to invite “guest workers” to their country
Decolonization – Muslims from India and Africa come to Britain, while Muslims from Algeria come to France
Muslim immigrants for the most part remain unassimilated and self-contained, with the women remaining at home
European Muslims are not homogeneous, coming from different class countries, class backgrounds and Islamic traditions
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6. Muslim women wearing headscarves, France
Muslim women wearing headscarves, France. The presence of foreign-born Muslims whose labor is necessary for the prosperity of the European economy is a major issue in contemporary Europe. Many of these Muslims, such as these women, live in self-contained communities.
Figaro Magazine/Torregano/Getty Images, Inc.—Liaison
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7. European Population Trends
European birth rates are for the most part dropping
Europe has an aging population
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8. Christian Democratic Parties
Postwar Christian democratic parties in Germany, France, Austria, and Italy were progressive, promoting democracy, social reform, economic growth and anticommunism
Allowed non-Catholic members
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9. Welfare States
William B. Beveridge – British thinker who believed if medical care, old-age pensions, and other benefits were available to all, there would not have to be a redistribution of income
Britain becomes first welfare state under Labour Party’s Clement Attlee, who creates the National Health Service after World War II
France and Germany do not follow suit until the 1970’s
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10. Resistance to the Welfare State
Three economic states in Europe since World War II:
Reconstruction from 1945–1950
1950s to late 1970s – period of economic growth
Inflation in the late 1970s to a period of low growth and high unemployment from the 1990s to the present
Many people believed government should be less involved in the economy
Margaret Thatcher – British prime minister wanted to make British economy more efficient and competitive through privatization of industries and cutting the power of trade unions
Welfare assistance in Europe to help the sick, the injured, the unemployed, and the elderly, meet resistance for higher costs and taxes
Even left-of-center political parties in Europe have curbed welfare benefits
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11. Margaret Thatcher, a shopkeeper's daughter who became the first female prime minister of Great Britain, served in that office from May 1979 through November Known as the “Iron Lady” of British politics, she led the Conservative Party to three electoral victories and carried out extensive restructuring of the British government and economy.
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12. Despite the ongoing debate among political leaders on the merits of government programs in Britain, these programs continue to be popular. This 1998 celebration commemorates fifty years of the British National Health Service (NHS).
© Tim Graham/Corbis Sygma
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13. Feminism
Simone de Beauvoir wrote The Second Sex, exploring the differences being a woman made in her life
Feminist journals published – starting in the 1970s
Emphasis in movement on women controlling their own lives
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14. Simone de Beauvoir, here with her companion, the philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre, was the major feminist writer in postwar Europe.
Keystone_Paris/ Getty Images Inc./Hulton Archive Photos
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15. Why an Increase in Married Women in the Work Force?
Childcare demands decreased by compulsory education and better health care
Some women financially felt they had to go to work
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16. New Work Patterns
Women go to work when their children are old enough to go to school
Women go back to work after their children have grown
Women have less children and have children later in life so there is an increase in the work force
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17. Women in the New Eastern Europe
Many of the nations have shown little concern for women’s issues
Economic difficulties in the region limited the number of health and welfare programs
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18. Communism in Western Europe
Disillusionment with communism – (four events)
Stalin’s purges
The Spanish Civil War
Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939
Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956
George Orwell – English writer expressed his disappointment with Stalin’s pact with Hitler in Homage to Catalonia (1938)
Other intellectuals such as Frenchman Jean-Paul Sartre and Italian Antonio Gramsci still believed in the Marxist system
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19. George Orwell (1903–1950), shown here with his son, was an English writer of socialist sympathies who wrote major works opposing Stalin and communist authoritarianism.
Felix H. Man/Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz
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20. Existentialism
Belief that holds human beings totally responsible for their acts and that this responsibility causes dread and anguish
Friedrich Nietzsche – see Chapter 24 outline
Soren Kierkegaard – Danish writer maintained Christianity could be grasped only by lives caught in extreme situations; questioned whether human beings are in control of their own destiny
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21. Questioning of Rationalism by Existentialists
Famous writers like Martin Heidegger, Karl Jaspers, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Albert Camus all questioned the primacy of reason and scientific understanding
According to the existentialists, human beings are compelled to formulate their own ethical values and cannot depend on traditional religion, rational philosophy, intuition, or social customs for ethical guidance
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22. University Population and Student Rebellion
Hundreds of thousands of students are enrolled in universities in the United States and Europe
Student rebellion started in the United States and spread to Europe in the 1960’s
United States – protesting Vietnam War
France – protesting the government of Charles de Gaulle
Czechoslovakia – protested communism and the Soviets
Student rebellions were largely unsuccessful
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23. In 1968 a student rebellion in Paris threatened to bring down the government of Charles De Gaulle. This was only one example of the explosion of student activity that rocked the West in the late 1960s.
© Bettmann/CORBIS
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24. Americanization of Europe
The spread of American influences in the economy, military, and culture to Europe
Companies such as McDonald’s, Apple, Starbucks, and the Gap have outlets all over Europe
Music, movies and television shows from the U.S. have also come to Europe
Has been met by some resentment by people who do not want to lose their European culture
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25. Children across the world play with LEGO toys.
Tom Prettyman/PhotoEdit
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26. A Consumer Society
Western Europe has enjoyed a vast expansion of consumer goods and services
People in Eastern Europe, seeing the success of the West, became discontented and helped bring down communism
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27. Environmentalism Concerns about pollution grow in the 1970s and 1980s
Green Party – an influential political party that started in Germany and was concerned about global warming and pollution
Green movement is anti-capitalist and anti-nuclear
Chernobyl nuclear disaster in Russia in 1986 raised questions about nuclear power that Europe could not ignore
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28. Art Since World War II Cultural divisions and the Cold War
Tatjiana Yablonskaya –in Bread (1949), showed the realistic propaganda of the Stalinist regime
Jackson Pollack – in One (1950), he showed the exuberance and freedom of abstract “drip” painting
Rachel Whiteread used the art concept of minimalism (the movement in architecture to remove from an object as many features as possible while retaining the object’s form) in her Nameless Library, which commemorates the 65,000 Austrian Jews killed by Nazi Germany
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29. Tatjiana Yablonskaya, Bread,1949.
Ria Novosti/Sovfoto/Eastfoto
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30. Jackson Pollock, One (Number 31, 1950).
Oil and enamel on unprimed canvas, 8 ft. 10 in. × 17 ft. 5 in. (269.5 × cm). The Museum of Modern Art/Licensed by Scala-Art Resource, NY. Sidney and Harriet Janis Collection Fund (by exchange). Photograph © 2000 The Museum of Modern Art, New York © 2004 The Pollock-Krasner Foundation/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York
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31. Rachel Whiteread’s Nameless Library in Vienna commemorates the thousands of Austrian Jews killed in the Nazi Holocaust.
Corbis/Bettmans ©Reuters NewMedia Inc./CORBIS
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32. Christians of the 20th Century and Today
Neo-Orthodoxy – presented by Karl Barth, it reemphasized the transcendence of God and the dependence of humankind on the divine
Liberal theology – Paul Tillich, Rudolf Bultmann, John Robinson and C.S. Lewis all regarded religion as a human phenomenon, where divinity is sought in human nature and culture
Roman Catholic Reform
More liberal ideas in recent times have included Mass celebrated in the vernacular languages and freer relations with other Christian denominations and Judaism
Conservative ideas kept – celibacy of priests, prohibition on abortion and birth control, and no women priests
Pope John Paul II emphasized the traditionalist doctrine, firm stands against communism and growth of the church in the non-Western world, while emphasizing social justice
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33. Throughout his pontificate John Paul II continued a close relationship with his native Poland to which he made several visits. The earliest of these was important in demonstrating the authority of the church against Polish communist authorities. Shown here in his Polish visit of June 1999, the pope would celebrate mass before several hundred thousand Poles after the collapse of communism which had occurred a decade earlier.
AP Wide World Photos
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34. The Computer Age
Late nineteenth century – the invention of the calculator improves businesses and the cash register appears in the late 1920s
First actual computer – Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) – built for ballistics calculations for the U.S. army in 1946
Dates
1960s – invention of the bitmap to cover the screen, the mouse and the microchip
1982 – IBM produces small personal computer
1984 – Apple produces the Macintosh computer for a desktop at home or office and set for commercial sales becomes available
Mid-1980s – computer sales boom
Mid-1990s to present – the internet boom
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35. The earliest computers were very large. Here in a 1946 photograph J
The earliest computers were very large. Here in a 1946 photograph J. Presper Eckert and J. W. Mauchly stand by the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) which was dedicated at the University of Pennsylvania Moore School of Electrical Engineering.
CORBIS/Bettmann
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36. European Unification
European Economic Community – members known as the Common Market first came together in 1957 out of the European Coal and Steel Community to seek the elimination of tariffs, a free flow of capital and labor, and similar wages and benefits for workers of all countries
Original six members – (France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg)
1973 – Great Britain (despite protest from France), Ireland and Denmark become members
1982 – Spain, Portugal and Greece apply to join
Norway and Sweden refuse
European Union – 1993 – Treaty of Maastricht turns the EEC into the European Union with a common currency for twelve of the member nations – the Euro
Membership in union rises to twenty-five countries in 2004
Many former Soviet bloc countries need economic aid from the Union
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37. The Copenhagen Opera House The New Opera House opened in Copenhagen, Denmark in The structure has come to symbolize free enterprise in the European Union because its full cost was covered by private, rather than government, funding.
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38. Discord in the Union
Proposed European Constitution of 2004 involved a bill of rights and complex economic and political agreements between nations, transferring considerable power from individual nations to a central power
France and the Netherlands defeat the treaty, while Britain postpones voting on it
Several factors contribute to the Treaty’s defeat:
Gap between European elite and voting public
Stagnant economies
Small European nations felt ignored by Britain and France
Many nations believed the Euro put them at an economic disadvantage
Reluctance to cede national sovereignty and authority to a bureaucracy
The controversy over possibly admitting a poor, mainly Muslim state in Turkey to the Union
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39. A woman stands between a “yes” and a “no” campaign poster in reference to France’s referendum on the EU constitution in a street of Rennes, western France, Friday May 27, 2005, two days before the vote.
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40. New American Leadership and the Financial Crisis
Key Events of 2008:
Russian invasion of Georgia
Election of Barack Obama as President
Worldwide financial crisis
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41. Barack Obama shakes hands with supporters in Berlin, Germany, on July 24, 2008, following a speech he gave before a crowd of tens of thousands at the Victory Column in Tiergarten Park.
Landov Media
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