1. History of the Al-Andalus
Caitlin Adams**Emily Aksak**Allan Novohatski
Dillon Ramos**Colin Grayson

2. Modern practicing Mosque in Cordoba.
Introduction
We will present the happenings in Spain from while Arabs were in the Iberian Peninsula
Studying past Muslim historical events shows their influence on modern Spain
Modern practicing Mosque in Cordoba.

3. Prior to the Arrival of the Moors…
Initial Invasion
Prior to the Arrival of the Moors…
The Legend says that Roderic impregnated Julian’s (count of Ceuta) daughter.
After, a request was made of the assistance of Musa Ibn Nusay
Julian promised ships to carry Ibn Nusayr toops acoss the Strait of Hercules(Straight of Gibraltar)
711-
929
929-
1031

4. The Dependent Emirate (711 to 756)
Initial Invasion
The Dependent Emirate (711 to 756)
April 30th of 711, Beber leader Tariq ibn-ziyad landed at Gibraltar
The Battle of Guadalete (turning point)
The Battle of Tours in 732
*Tariq ibn-ziyad*
711-
929
929-
1031

5. The Independent Emirate (756 to 929)
Initial Invasion
The Independent Emirate (756 to 929)
756- the exiled prince Abd-ar-Rahman I established himself as the Emir of Codoba.
And established a tenuous rule ove much of Al-Andalus
For the next century and a half, his descendants continued as emirs of Cordoba.
In 929 Abd-al-Rahman III proclaimed himself Caliph
711-
929
929-
1031

6. The Caliphate of Cordoba
All Caliphs of Córdoba were members of the Umayyad dynasty
Cordoba reached its peak under these Caliphate rulers
Caliphate rule existed until 1031 when it was fractured into a number of independent taifas
711-
929
929-
1031

7. The Caliphate of Cordoba
Caliphate Rulers
Abd-ar-rahman III (912–961)
Allowed tolerance and freedom of religion
Repelled enemies with alliances in Africa
al-Hakam II (961–976)
Peace with Christian kingdoms
Stability of agriculture
Economic and philosophic improvements
Mezquita
Hisham II (976–1013)
Gained title at age ten
Almansur
Dictator rule
Economic (expanded road systems and markets) and philosophic improvements (creation of library and translation of works)
711-
929
929-
1031

8. The Caliphate of Cordoba
Economy
highly developed craftsmanship, modern agricultural techniques
based on money (gold cordobesa money)
Culture
Library with 400,000 volumes
Highly philosophical
Muslim praise and value of gardens
711-
929
929-
1031

9. The Caliphate of Cordoba
Mezquita
Cathedral and Mosque
Constructed during the period of the Caliphate
Looks towards Mecca
Horseshoe semicircular shaped prayer room
Muslim influence: walls of flowers, fountains, architecture (arches, relief work)
Jewish influence: statues, stars
711-
929
929-
1031

10. Rain of the Taifas Kingdoms
After the death of the caliphate in Cordoba, only a few decades passed before the complete collapse of Muslim presence was unstoppable.
These kings, formerly known as party kings (in Arabic mulukal-tawa'if, from the word ta'ifah), continued to improve upon modern arts and learning by competing with one another for the most spectacular states.
In doing so, they took in many scientist and artist who needed the resources to improve upon their own skills.
From 1008 to 1031, a period of anarchy in the Al-Andalus caused more or less 24 individual smaller states to form.
These rulers, owning their own territories, were known as the muluk al-tawa'if, and each of these states did not contain enough power through force to become the sole caliphate of the lands.

11. Taifas Kingdoms
When Christian kingdoms began taking over weak Taifa kingdoms, by "exacting tribute", no one in the Al Andalus took action to stop the conversions.
Much of the north had already been taken over by the ever increasing presence of the Christians.
By 1085 the Castilians conquered the important city of Toledo and so the Taifas kings were forced to ask the new Almoravid ruler in Morocco (Yusuf ibn Tashufin) for assistance.
The Almoravids (in Arabic, "The Garrisoned Ones") were a dynasty risen from the Amazighs (Berbers) of Morocco, and until this time were steadfast to assist the taifa kings.

12. Unfortunately in 1090 Yusuf decided that his help was not needed, and the petty kings were refused help.
Twice the small states in the land had called for assistance from the northern caliphates in Africa, but the Almohads and Almoravids over the next decades could not unify Al Andalus, only pushing the inevitable in

13. Almohads and Almoravids
Berber (Muslim dynasty) founded in the 12th century
Conquered all Northern Africa along with Al-Andalus known as the Moorish Iberia
711-
929
929-
1031

14. Almohads and Almoravids
Berber dynasty from the Sahara
1097- Yusuf ibn Tashfin was the Amir al Muslimin
1119- Ali ibn Yusuf, Sintra, and Santarem were in charge after Yusuf´s death
711-
929
929-
1031

15. Almohads and Almoravids
1130- Abd al-Mu’Min al-Kumi and the Almohads defeated the ruling Almoravids
1147- The conquered city of Marrakech by the Almohads marked the end of the Almoravids
Extended his power all over northern Africa as far as Libya
1170- The Almohads transferred their capital to Seville
711-
929
929-
1031

16. Decline Kingdom of Granada
Gharnata
Almohads
Nasrid Dynasty
Surrendered by Boabdil on Jan 2, 1492
Resulting Influence:
El Flamenco
Las Alpujarras
Architecture (Alhambra)
711-
929
929-
1031

17. Decline Kingdom of Granada
Almohads
Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212
Almohad Army
Despeñaperros Pass
Moorish Period – Nasrid Dynasty
Political instability
Golden Age of Andalucia
Cultural Flowering
711-
929
929-
1031

18. Decline Kingdom of Granada
Decline of Empire
Records destroyed
Possible Reasons:
Internal Struggles
Dynastic and factional strife
Lacking sufficient forces
Refusing to pay tribute to King of Castile
711-
929
929-
1031

19. Modern arab influence
Gardens and presence of flowers in parks and plazas
Flamenco dance (Muslim, Jewish, and gypsy roots)
Arabic Baths
Architecture: gothic style, relief work, arches
Courtyards