1. Le Chatelier's Principle

2. Use Le Chatelier’s Principle to explain how the position of a system at equilibrium is effected by:  Changing concentration  Changing temperature  Changing pressure  Adding a catalyst

3. Le Chatelier's Principle (1884) When a system at equilibrium is subjected to a stress, the system will adjust so as to relieve the stress. Remember: K c value is constant. BEFORE the stress, and AFTER the reaction adjusts to the stress.

4. Types of Stress

5. 1. Concentration stress Any change in concentration of products or reactants by adding or removing to a balanced system. Reduction in stress due to increased collisions and a redistribution of excess particles. Add – system shifts to use it up. Remove – system shifts to make more.

6. More C means increased rate of reverse reaction. K c = [C] [A][B] CBA+ K c = 1.35 We say “shifts left” We mean: Excess C used up until ratio of product to reactant concentrations is equal to K c once again. Increase [C]:

7. K c = [C] [A][B] BC A+ K c = 1.35 Forward reaction is favoured We say “shifts right” We mean: New concentrations re-establish K c. Increase [B]:

8. K c = [C] [A][B] BC A+ K c = 1.35 Removing a particle is like decreasing [ ]. Decreased rate of forward reaction. We say “shifts left” We mean: Reverse is favoured, ↑ reactants, K c the same. Decrease [A]:

9. 2 NO 2 (g) N 2 O 4 (g) car exhaust smog Huge spike indicates that [ ] was changed by adding more particles.

10. 2 NO 2 (g) N 2 O 4 (g) car exhaust smog A huge spike indicates that [ ] was changed by removing particles.

11. Temperature

12. Temperature stress addressed the SAME way as concentration by changing collision rates. **Re-establishes new eqlbm (with new [ ]s) at new temperature – SO…changes the K c. Exothermic: A  B (- ∆H ) Endothermic: A  B (+ ∆H) HEAT + + HEAT 2. Temperature stress

13. Temperature increase / add heat Reaction shifts left. Endothermic collisions (reverse) favored. Temperature decrease / removing heat Reaction shifts right to produce more heat. Exothermic collisions (forward) favored. +heat AB + A B K c = [B] [A] K c = [B] [A]

14. ∆H = -58 kJ 2 NO 2 (g) N 2 O 4 (g) car exhaust smog

15. ∆H = -58 kJ 2 NO 2 (g) N 2 O 4 (g) car exhaust smog

16. Volume/Pressure

17. Changing the pressure of a system only affects those equilibria with gaseous reactants and/or products. 3. Volume stress Rates of collisions change with pressure and effect all concentrations – BUT, K c will re-establish. A + 2 B  C

18. A + 2 B C Volume increase – (↓P ): A B B C Decreased rate of forward reaction. (fewer collisions, in larger space) Reverse rate favoured – shifts left (pressure increases with more particles) B B A

19. A + 2 B C A B B C C Volume decrease– (↑P ): Increased rate of forward reaction. (MORE collisions, in smaller space) Forward rate favoured – shifts right (pressure reduced with fewer particles)

20. Which way with the system shift IF the size of the container is cut in half? Reverse reaction favoured (increased likelihood of collisions in a smaller space) Shifts left 2 NH 3(g) N 2(g) + 3 H 2(g)

21. Equilibrium position unchanged. H 2(g) + I 2(g) 2 HI (g) Which way with the system shift IF the pressure is decreased? 1 + 1 : 2 Pressure changes have NO effect on this eqlbm – Same # of particles, same collision effects.

22. Factors (stresses) that do not affect Equilibrium Systems

23. Catalysts Lowers activation energy for both forward and reverse reaction equally. Equilibrium established more quickly, but position and ratios of concentrations will remain the same. K value remains the same.

24. Inert Gases (noble gases) Unreactive – are not part of a reaction, therefore can not affect equilibrium of a concentration-based equation. Catalysts, inert gases, pure solids or pure liquids do NOT appear in the mass action expression - so they cannot have an effect if altered.

25. Le Chatelier's AND life

26. Haemoglobin protein used to transport O 2 from lungs to body tissue. Lungs - [O 2 ] is high - forward reaction favored Haemoglobin binds to the excess O 2. Tissue - [CO 2 ] is high and [O 2 ] is low - reverse reaction favored. Hb releases O 2. Hb (aq) + O 2 (g)  HbO 2 (aq) Haemoglobin Production and Altitude

27. Hb (aq) + O 2 (g)  HbO 2 (aq) High altitudes - [O 2 ] is very low - reverse reaction favored. Hb release O 2, fewer Hb bind oxygen. Result in exaggerated lack of oxygen to the tissues, resulting in headache, nausea and fatigue. Over time, body adjusts by producing more haemoglobin molecules. Increases [Hb] in the blood stream shifts equilibrium right - more O 2 bound and transported to the tissue.

28. Appliance - NO energy - forward reaction favored Energy release to run appliance. Outlet (recharge) - high energy - reverse favored Reforming the reactants, storing the energy for use. Rechargable Batteries Lead-acid PbO 2 + Pb + 4 H + + 2 SO 4 2-  2 PbSO 4 + 2 H 2 O + energy Nickel-cadmium Cd + 2 NiO(OH) + 2 H 2 O  2 Ni(OH) + Cd(OH) 2 + energy Electrical energy (like heat) is written in the reaction.

29. THE HABER PROCESS

30. N 2(g) + 3H 2(g) 2NH 3(g) ΔH = -92.4 kJ mol -1  high pressure  medium temperature - catayst  remove ammonia  high reactant concentrations