1. STRING AN EXAMPLE OF REFERENCE DATA TYPE

2. 2 Primitive Data Types  The eight Java primitive data types are:  byte  short  int  long  float  double  char  boolean  We can use the following operators with primitive data types:  arithmetic operators: *, /, %, +, -  relational operators: >, >=,, >=, <, <=, ==, !=  logical operators: !, &&, ||

3. 3 Primitive vs Reference Data Types  A Primitive type is one that holds a simple, indecomposable value, such as:  a single number  a single character  A Reference type is a type for a class:  it can hold objects that have data and methods  Reference data types are stored in memory differently from primitive data types.

4. 4 Memory Allocation  Declaration of a primitive data type prepares memory to store a value of that type. int num1; num1 0x0010 memory address memory allocated to store an integer (4 bytes) variable name int num1 = 12; When a value is assigned to the variable num1, the value is stored at that memory location. 12

5. 5 Memory Allocation  Declaration of a reference data type prepares memory to store a memory address. String s1; s1 0x0010 memory address memory allocated to store an memory address variable name The new operator allocates memory to store the actual object. s1 = new String("Hello"); 0x4h12 "Hello" The memory address of the object will be stored in the space allocated for s1. 0x4h12 memory address

6. 6 Comparing Strings  A variable that is declared for a reference data type only refers to a memory location for an object. String s1 = new String("hi"); s1s2 0x4h120x3121 "hi" 0x3121 0x4h12 returns false because it is comparing the memory addresses 0x4h12 and 0x3121 String s3 = s2; s3 0x3121 returns true because it is comparing the memory addresses 0x3121 and 0x3121 (both s2 and s3 refer to the same object) String s2 = new String("hi"); System.out.println(s1 == s2); System.out.println(s2 == s3) System.out.println(s1.equals(s2) returns true because the String method equals is used to compare Strings.

7. 7 The String Data Type  A String type is an example of a reference data type.  A string is defined as a sequence of characters.  Examples of String literals:  " " (space, not the character ' ')  "" (empty String)  "a"  "HELLO"  "This is a String"  "\tThis is also a String\n"

8. 8 Declaring a String  Strings can be used to store names, titles, etc.  We can declare a String data type by giving it a variable name:  String name;  We can also initialize the variable upon declaration:  String subjectCode = “ JSI1026";  Because String is a class type, the correct way to declare it is to use the new operator:  String subjectCode = new String( “ JSI1026");

9. 9 String Objects  When you declare a String using: String subjectCode = new String(“JSI1026"); The String subjectCode refers to a String object.  String objects have  data : they hold a sequence of characters  methods : the data can be manipulated in a certain way.  We will look at some of the more common methods associated with Strings.

10. 10 String Methods  Assume that we have declared the String object: String subjectCode = new String(“JSI1026");  public int length()  returns the length of the String:  subjectCode.length() returns the value 6  public boolean equals(AnotherString)  checks if the calling string is equal to AnotherString  subjectCode.equals(“JSI1029") returns false  public boolean equalsIgnoreCase(AnotherString)  checks if it is equal to AnotherString, considering lowercase and uppercase letters to be equal.  subjectCode.equalsIgnoreCase(“jsi1026") returns true

11. 11 String Methods  public String toLowerCase()  returns a String that is the calling String converted to lowercase.  subjectCode.toLowerCase() returns the String “jsi1026"  Similarly for the method toUpperCase()  public String trim() removes leading and trailing whitespace: String whiteString = new String(" Lots of WhiteSpace "); whiteString.trim() returns the String "Lots of WhiteSpace"

12. 12  public char charAt(int Position)  returns the character at Position.  whiteString.charAt(6) returns 's'  public String substring(int Start)  returns a String beginning from Start  whiteString.substring(11) returns "WhiteSpace "  public String substring(int Start, int End)  returns a String beginning at Start up until just before End  whiteString(3,7) returns "Lots"  public int indexOf(String A_String)  returns the first position of A_String if found, -1 if not found.  indexOf("it") returns 13 LotsofWhiteSpace 0123456789 1010101011 12121212 13131313 14141414 15151515 16161616 17171717 18181818 19191919 20202020 21212121 22222222 23232323 positions of characters whiteString

13. 13 (More) String Methods  public int compareTo(A_String)  compares the string to A_String lexicographically and returns a – ve number if the calling string comes first, 0 if they are equal and a +ve number if A_String comes first.  public boolean endsWith(A_String)  returns true if the string ends with A_String, false otherwise.  public boolean startsWith(A_String)  returns true if the string starts with A_String.  see example: StringExamples.java

14. 14 Example – the String class  Let's consider some of the String methods we have considered previously:  public boolean equals(String anotherString)  public boolean equalsIgnoreCase(String otherString) String s1 = new String("Hello");// String objects s1 String s2 = new String("hello");// and s2 created System.out.println("Two strings equal " + s1.equals(s2)); System.out.print("Ignoring case: "+ s1.equalsIgnoreCase(s2)); the method is invoked by the String object s1.

15. 15 Exercise  Consider the methods:  public int length()  Returns the length of this string.  public char charAt(int pos)  Returns the character at the specified index.  Write a program that displays the String "Happy New Year", one character per line. HappyNewYearHappyNewYear see NewYearGreeting.java

16. 16 Exercise  Write a program that asks for the user's name and gender. If the gender is ‘l' or ‘L' then display "Halo Tuan XXX" or "Halo Nona XXX“  Sample run 1: Please enter name: Lina Please enter gender: P Halo Nona Lina  Sample run 2: Please enter name: Joko Please enter gender: L Halo Tuan Joko