1.  Cecilia Gerald Education 7201T Fall 2011

2.  Statement of the Problem: Slide 3  Review of the Literature (Current Strategies): Slide 4  Review of the Literature (Pros): Slide 5  Review of the Literature (Cons): Slide 6  Review of the Literature (Theorist): Slide 7  Research Hypothesis: Slide 8  References: Slide 9

3.  Students with disruptive behaviors hinder the learning process for themselves and their peers (Smith & Rivera, 1995).  Studies show teachers in general education classrooms have significant challenges managing students with disruptive behavior (Westling, 2010).  Students with disruptive behaviors have a higher risk of being referred for special education services (DuPaul, 1998).

4.  Traditionally prevention and intervention measures are taken (Smith & Rivera, 1995).  Traditional management is teacher-monitored and focuses on reinforcements from external sources (DuPaul, 1998).  Studies have shown that students are able to use self- management techniques effectively (Prater, 1994)

5.  Teaching students how to self-monitor has been effective for students in special and general education classrooms (Prater, 1994).  Self-monitoring can be used for students at all grade levels (Jolivette, Patton & Ramsey, 2006).  Self-monitoring relatively simple to implement and consumes less of teacher’s time with individual students (Jolivette, Patton & Ramsey, 2006).

6.  Research has been limited due to the majority of self- monitoring studies done in special education populations (DuPaul & Hoff, 1998).  Studies in general education classrooms are usually limited to very few students, therefore evidence cannot be generalized (Jull, 2009).  Studies have not been conclusive over long-term periods (Jull, 2009).

7.  William Glasser’s (1925-) “choice theory” is closely related to the concept of self-monitoring. It is based on the belief that behavior is something we can control. He theorizes that students are able to manage their own behavior without coercion (Bucher & Manning, 2001).

8. Training a group of 15 first grade students, at P.S. X in Brooklyn, New York, with disruptive behaviors of talking at wrong times and getting out of their seats to use self- monitoring strategies to manage these behaviors will show a decrease in disruptive behaviors over a four-week period.

9.  Amato-Zech, N. A., Hoff, K. E. and Doepke, K. J. (2006). Increasing on-task behavior in the classroom: Extension of self-monitoring strategies. Psychology in the Schools, 43: 211–221.  Bucher, K. T., Manning, M. L. (2001). Exploring the foundations of middle school classroom management: the theoretical contributions of B. F. Skinner, Fritz Redl and William Wattenberg, William Glasser, and Thomas Gordon all have particular relevance for middle school educators. Childhood Education, 78(2), 84.  de Haas-Warner, Sarah J. (1991). Effects of self-monitoring on preschoolers' on-task behavior: A pilot study. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 11(2)  DuPaul, G. J., & Hoff, K. E. (1998). Reducing disruptive behavior in general education classrooms: The use of self-management strategies. School Psychology Review, 27(2), 290.  Jolivette, K., Patton, B., Ramsey, M. (2006). Students with emotional and behavioral disorders can manage their own behavior. Teaching Exceptional Children, 39(2), 14-21.  Jull, Stephen K. (2009). Student behavior self-monitoring enabling inclusion. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 13(5), 489-500.  McConnell, M. E. (1999). Self-monitoring, cueing, recording, and managing: teaching students to manage their own behavior. Teaching Exceptional Children 32(2), 14-21.  Prater, Mary A. (1994). Improving academic and behavior skills through self-management procedures. Preventing School Failure, 38(4), 5.  Rafferty, Lisa A. (2010). Step-by-Step: Teaching Students to Self-Monitor. Teaching Exceptional Children, 43(2), 50-58.  Smith, D. D., Rivera, D. P., (1995). Discipline in special education and general education settings. Focus on Exceptional Children, 27(5), 1-14  Westling, David L. (2010). Teachers and challenging behaviors: knowledge, views, and practices. Remedial and Special Education, 31(1), 48.