1. Gram positive Bacilli Branching Non-Branching Actinomycetes
Spore formers
Non-spore formers
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Acid-fast
Non-acid fast
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus cereus
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium tetani
Corynebacterium
Listeria
Lactobacillus
Mycobacterium

2. The Genus Bacillus
The Gram’s Positive Spore Former Aerobic Bacilli: The genus Bacillus:
Microscopic characteristics:
Gram-positive spore-forming, non-motile, large bacilli, 5-8 µm x 1.5 µm, arranged in chains.
Bacillus anthracis species are capsulated in tissue and spore-former.
in the culture in vitro.

3. The Genus Bacillus Cultural characteristics:
Bacillus anthracis grows on nutrient agar or blood agar in presence of oxygen (obligate aerobic) produce large 2-5 mm grey white irregular colonies.
On the blood agar, Bacillus anthracis colonies are non-haemolytic,
While Beta-hemolytic activity is demonstrated by Bacillus cereus colonies.
L: Bacillus cereus.
R: Bacillus anthracis.

4. The Genus Clostridium
The Gram Positive Spore-Forming Anaerobic Bacilli: The genus Clostridium:
Microscopic characteristics:
Gram-positive spore-forming, anaerobic large bacilli, 5 µm x 1 µm.
Some members are saprophytic in soil and sewage; others are commensals in the intestine of man and animals.
Clostridium tetani species forms terminal spores, while sub-terminal or central oval spores are produced by Clostridium perfringens.
Microscopic Drum-stick
Appearance of
Clostridium tetani

5. The Genus Clostridium Cultural characteristics:
All Clostridium species are obligatory anaerobic.
On blood agar, Clostridium perfringens species produce smooth, large, regular, convex, slightly opaque colonies, and zone of complete hemolysis surrounded by wider zone of incomplete hemolysis.
Clostridium tetani colonies show fine branching projections with raised central part and filamentous edge.

6. The Genus Clostridium Biochemical activities of Clostridium species:
All Clostridium species are Catalase and oxidase negative.
All Clostridium species are negative for lipases and proteases.
Clostridium perfringens ferments lactose and produce Lecithinase.
Other species can not ferment lactose and Lecithinase negative.

7. The Genus Mycobacterium
The Non-Spore Former Acid-Fast Bacilli: The genus Mycobacterium:
Microscopic characteristics:
The Mycobacteria are acid-fast, non-motile, non-spore forming rods, measuring 1-4 µm x µm.
The microbe can not be stained well by Gram’s stain due to the presence of waxy capsule.

8. The Genus Mycobacterium
Mycobacterium is best demonstrated by Ziehl -Neelsen staining technique; the microbes appear as thin pink rods arranged singly or in groups. Once stained, they resist decolorization with 2% H2SO4 and 95% alcohol or 3% HCl in 95% ethyl alcohol (Acid-fast, Alcohol fast).

9. The Genus Mycobacterium
Cultural characteristics and colony morphology:
Mycobacterium is strict aerobic, grows very slowly (2-4 weeks) on Lowenstein-Jensen medium; produce dry creamy colored colonies.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis produces rough, and tough colonies on glycerol and pyruvate egg media.
Culture characteristics of Tubercle bacilli on Lowenstein Jensen medium (raised dry cream colored colonies.

10. The Genus Corynebacterium
The Non-Spore Non-Acid Fast Bacilli: The genus Corynebacterium:
Gram positive pleomorphic long rods with swollen one end (club-shaped).
They lie in small groups joined at angles to each other giving characteristic Chinese-letter arrangement
Non-motile, non-spore formers, non capsulated, Catalase positive.
Irregularly distributed within
the rode are metachromatic
volutin granules that stain
dark with Albert stain or
methylene blue stain.

11. The Genus Corynebacterium
Cultural characteristics: Aerobe or facultative anaerobe; grows rapidly on Loeffler’s serum at 37ᵒ C giving opaque white colonies within 4-12 hours. On blood tellurite, the organism reduces tellurite and produce grey- black colonies measuring mm in diameter after hours. Two different strains are identified: 1- Toxigenic strain. 2-Non-Toxigenic strain. In vitro Elek’s test is used to differentiate between the two strains.