1. What is bilingual education?

2. is a simple label for a complex phenomenon.’
Cazden, C.B., & Snow, C.E. (eds.). (1990). English Plus: Issues in Bilingual Education.
‘Bilingual education . . .
is a simple label for a complex phenomenon.’

3. One aspect of the field of Welsh medium education which has caused
What is the meaning of 'Welsh medium' and ‘bilingual education' ?
One aspect of the field of Welsh medium education which has caused
considerable uncertainty and ambiguity over the years is the lack of
clarity regarding what is meant by terms such as "Welsh-medium“ and
"bilingual education"
What is 'Welsh medium or bilingual' about the system?
Could it be:
- the pupils’ linguistic background?
the nature of the curricular provision and the way the two languages ​​are
allocated across the ages and across the curriculum?
- the linguistic outcomes for the individual pupil?

4. Colin Baker, ‘Bilingual Education in Wales’ in Hugo Baetens Beardsmore (ed.), European Models of Bilingual Education, 1993,15.
‘There exists a wide variety of bilingual education provision in Wales.
In between basically monolingual Welsh and monolingual English schools in Wales, there is the widest variety of practice of bilingual education. The kaleidoscopic variety of bilingual educational practice in Wales makes the production of a simple typology inherently dangerous.’
Baker (1993:15) referred to the ‘kaleidoscopic range' of bilingual educational practice ‘that does exist across Wales.
It is not possible to construct a simple typology of bilingual education in Wales.
Welsh-medium primary and secondary education in the early twenty-first century includes pupils from a wide and diverse language spectrum (Lewis 2008:75).
Research findings highlighted the diversity in terms of teaching methodology, design models and the linguistic profile of the pupils in the schools observed.
Classrooms in Wales include pupils from diverse linguistic backgrounds, for example, Welsh Language 1 and Language 2 speakers, and non-Welsh and English speakers.
The ‘kaleidoscopic diversity' is the basis of our investigations in primary and secondary bilingual and multilingual Wales in the early twenty-first century.
A wide range of teaching methods are deployed by teachers.
This research has focused on just 38 school - to extend the research, we would have encountered further variations.

5. Notes for: ‘kaleidoscopic variety of bilingual educational practice’
Baker (1993:15) referred to the ‘kaleidoscopic variety of bilingual
educational practice’ that does exist across Wales.
It is not possible to construct a simple typology of bilingual education in
Wales.
Welsh-medium primary and secondary education in the early twenty-
first century includes pupils from a wide and diverse language spectrum
(Lewis 2008:75).
Research findings highlight the diversity in terms of teaching
methodology, design models and the linguistic profile of the pupils in
the schools observed.

6. Classrooms in Wales include pupils from diverse linguistic
Notes for: ‘kaleidoscopic variety of bilingual educational practice’
Classrooms in Wales include pupils from diverse linguistic
backgrounds, for example, Welsh Language 1 and
Language 2 speakers, and non-Welsh and English
speakers.
A wide range of teaching methods are deployed by
teachers.
This research has focused on just 38 school - to extend the
research, we would have possibly encountered further
variations.

7. Our research supports this statement.
Welsh Assembly Government. (2009). Welsh Medium Education Strategy, consultation document, 5.1
'Patterns of Welsh medium and bilingual provision across Wales is complex.
There are significant differences between authorities in terms of policies put in place to promote and develop language skills in English and Welsh. '
Our research supports this statement.
Our research supports this statement.

8. Welsh Assembly Government. (2010).
Welsh Medium Education Strategy, para. 2.14
'The linguistic outcomes of these different types of provision varies considerably
Therefore, bilingual provision does not always ensure that an individual will become a bilingual speaker. '
It is recognized in the Strategy that all types of bilingual provision will lead to full bilingualism  
Is this not the most important criteria about what is meant by 'bilingual education' in Wales today - that a child at the end of his time in the school are fully confident in its use of Welsh and English?

9. of bilingual provision will lead to full bilingualism.
Notes for ”Welsh Assembly Government. (2010). Welsh Medium Education Strategy, para ”
It is recognized in the Strategy that not all types
of bilingual provision will lead to full bilingualism.
Is this not the most important criteria about what
is meant by 'bilingual education' in Wales today -
that a child at the end of his time in the school
are fully confident in its use of Welsh and
English?

10. ‘teaching and learning in a bilingual setting’
‘co-languaging’
(Ofelia Garcìa)
‘teaching and learning in a bilingual setting’
(Cen Williams)
Ofelia García uses
'co-languaging'
which is similar to
Cen Williams ‘
'teaching and learning in a bilingual setting'
Ofelia Garcia uses 'co-languaging' which is similar to Cen Williams ‘ 'teaching and learning in a bilingual setting'

11. Language of the classroom:
Bilingual Education in Wales
Bilingual teaching and learning
Using one language
(e.g. separate W & E module)
Language of the classroom:
Teacher: monolingual
Pupil : monolingual
Outcome: bilingualism for all pupils
Using two languages
(e.g. translanguaging)
Teacher: bilingual
Pupil : bilingual
Teaching and learning in a bilingual situation
W & E classrooms in the school
Pupil : monolingual:
Outcome: variation according to language background of pupil
Separate W & E groups in the classroom
This is an attempt to seek visual classification and categorization of different models of planning which fall under the umbrella of 'Bilingual education' The definition of bilingual education is complex and covers a variety of situations. It is possible to distinguish between ‘bilingual teaching and learning’ and ‘teaching and learning in a bilingual setting’. There is an attempt to develop the bilingualism of each pupil in a bilingual classroom (bilingual teaching and learning) The pupil does focus on one language in a bilingual setting

12. Notes for ’Bilingual Education in Wales’ Flowchart ‘
This is an attempt to seek visual classification and categorization
of different models of planning which fall under the umbrella of
‘bilingual education'
The definition of bilingual education is complex and covers a
variety of situations.
It is possible to distinguish between ‘bilingual teaching and
learning’ and ‘teaching and learning in a bilingual setting’.
Bilingual teaching and learning is an attempt to develop the
bilingualism of each pupil in a bilingual classroom.
The pupil uses one language in a bilingual setting
(although some of the pupils are bilingual).

13. Discussion: different types of bilingual education in Wales
Based on your own experiences, does this categorization represent the different types of bilingual education in Wales today?
Do you agree / disagree with these categories?
3. Can you identify additional categories?