1. Esters C.I. 13.5

2. What are they? How are they made? Formed when an alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid. Very slow reaction, unless! an acid catalyst used (usually sulphuric acid) A condensation reaction The condensation reaction between the hydroxyl group and the carboxylic acid known as esterification. Reverse reaction = ester hydrolysis

3. Naming Named after alcohol & carboxylic acid from which they are derived. Names of esters end in –oate. CH 3 C CH 2 O O CH 3 ethylethanoate this part from the acid and is named after it this part comes from the alcohol & is named after it let’s name some esters!

4. Structural formulae Although the previous structural formula are the clearest way of showing esters, they can draw out in a shortened form. ethylethanoate CH 3 C CH 2 O O CH 3 Either… Or… CH 3 C CH 2 O O CH 3 In this version the acid part has been written first Identify the group attached to the C=O – this is from the acid The group attached to the –O- is from the alcohol.

5. Wait! What’s that smell? Esters have strong, sweet smells. Their bouquet is often floral or fruity. This means they are used in food flavourings & perfumes. Also, very good at dissolving organic compounds so often used as solvents. esterfragrance ethyl methanoateraspberries 3-methylbutyl ethanoatepears ethyl 2-methylbutanoateapples phenylmethyl ethanoatejasmine

6. Esters from phenols -OH group in phenol less reactive to esterification, requires a more vigourous reagent. Use of ethanoic acid in esterification is also known as ethanoylation. Ethanoic anhydride is a more vigourous ethanoylating agent OH

7. Esters from phenols Ethanoic anhydride used as it is reactive but not too dangerous. Ethanoyl chloride is much more reactive, but, also toxic and hazardous to use. Ethanoic anhydride & ethanoyl chloride are described as acylating agents using an acylating agent is the only way to esterify a phenol alcohols can be esterified using acylating agents or by reacting with a carboxylic acid.

8. Ester hydrolysis Breakdown of an ester by water. Process sped up by catalysis Can use an acid to catalyse (H 2 SO 4 ) Can use an acid to catalyse Alkali catalysts (e.g. sodium hydroxide) can also be used but instead of producing carboxylic acid a carboxylate salt is formed.carboxylate salt Alkaline hydrolysis goes to completion & hence is usually preferred.

9. This is why it is a condensation reaction because water is produced! R R’C H2OH2O + OH HO O C RO O + ⇋ Definition of a condensation reaction = two molecules reacting to form a larger molecule with the elimination of a small molecule such as water

10. CH 3 CH CH 2 O O CH 3 CH 2 C CH 3 O O CH CH 3 O O ethylmethanoate methylpropanoate methylmethanoate

11. R R’C H2OH2O + OH HO O C RO O + ⇌ FORWARD REACTION = condensation reaction, the esterification of an alcohol using acid catalyst under reflux. REVERSE REACTION = ester hydrolysis, same catalyst works for both forward & reverse reactions.

12. + OH OH - → CH 3 C CH 2 O O CH 3 ethylethanoate + CH 2 CH 3 C -O-O O ethanol ethanoate ion not a reaction that exists in equilibrium (unlike using acid catalyst)