1. Shared Models of Activity To Underpin Small Unit Operations Austin Tate, Jeff Dalton, John Levine & Peter Jarvis Artificial Intelligence Applications Institute University of Edinburgh http://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk/project/ix

2. Topics I-X is a program to research, develop and apply Intelligent Systems Technology. It draws on the fundamental research conducted over a period of 17 years on the O-Plan planning agent system and on the activity model. To be covered: –Activity Representation - SPAR and –Agent Architecture and Modules –I-X Technology Components

3. Shared Plan Model - a rich plan representation using a common constraint model of activity ( ). Shared Task Model - Mixed initiative model of “mutually constraining the space of behaviour”. Shared Space of Options - explicit option management. Shared Model of Agent Capabilities - handlers for issues, functional capabilities and constraint managers. Shared Understanding of Authority - management of the authority to plan (to handle issues) and act which may take into account options, phases and levels. Intell. & Analysis PlannerModeller Commander

4. Recent Work on Plan/Process Representation Standards ARPI KRSL 2.0.2 ARPI KRSL-Plans (versions 1 and 2) PIF 1.2 “Standards” Efforts: –WfMC Glossary and WPDL (Interface 1) –OMWG CPR/AITS Warplan –NIST PSL DARPA/AFRL Shared Planning and Activity Representation (SPAR)

5. SPAR Shared Planning & Activity Representation The principal scope of SPAR is to represent past, present and possible future activity and the command, planning and control processes that create and execute plans meant to guide or constrain future activity. It can be used descriptively for past and present activity and prescriptively for possible future activity.

6. SPAR Coverage Plans & Schedules Rationale Resources & Objects World States Time & Space Uncertainty, Ambiguity & Imprecision Other Domain Knowledge Activities Agents Control Structures, Execution & Simulations Evaluations Goals, Requirements, Objectives, Mission Organisational Structures

7. SPAR Uses Communicating Plans Domain Building Organisational Support Plan Editing/Browsing Plan Libraries Plan/Schedule Generation Plan Evaluation/Critique Planning System Synthesis Task Assignment Plan Execution

8. SPAR

9. Constraint Model of Activity I - Issues - Implied Constraints N - Node (Activity) Constraints C - Critical Constraints –O - Critical Ordering Constraints –V - Critical Variable/Object Constraints A - Auxiliary Constraints –Non-critical Ordering and Variable Constraints –Authority, World State, Resource, Spatial Constraints –Miscellaneous Constraints

10. I-Arch Systems Integration & I-Plan Planner Interface Manager Controller Processing Platform(s) Data Base Manager Plan State Issues Nodes Constraints Constraint Associator Issue Handlers Information Sources Constraint Managers PlanWorld Viewers Requirements Reports Constraint Managers Processing Capabilities Technical & World Viewers Task & Option Management Model Management Mediators/Mapping Information Sources Requirements Reports

11. Plan Agenda Plan Entities Plan Constraints Plan State Space of Legitimate Plan Elaborations I-Plan and Choose (IH) Do (IH) IH=Issue Handler (Agent Functional Capability) Propagate Constraints Issues or Implied Constraints Node Constraints Detailed Constraints I N CA C=Critical Constraints A=Auxiliary Constraints

12. Example of a Fractal Component Model-Viewer-Controller Structure Fractal Architecture Cell Image From DARPA IBFM Program CD, ISX Constraint Managers Processing Capabilities Technical & World Viewers Task & Option Management Model Management Mediators/Mapping Information Sources Requirements Reports

13. Shared Plan Model - a rich plan representation using a common constraint model of activity ( ). Shared Task Model - Mixed initiative model of “mutually constraining the space of behaviour”. Shared Space of Options - explicit option management. Shared Model of Agent Capabilities - handlers for issues, functional capabilities and constraint managers. Shared Understanding of Authority - management of the authority to plan (to handle issues) and act which may take into account options, phases and levels.

14. I-X: I-Technology Components

15. Productive Uses of I-X Technology ESA Plan-ERS1 ESA OPTIMUM-AIV (ERS-1 and Ariane IV) Amoco ProAct Planner ProActive Solutions SmartProject UK/RAF Search & Rescue Coordination Centre Workflow Support Aids DARPA/USAF ACP 3 - Air Campaign Planning Process Panel Contributions to Plan & Process Standards (PIF, WfMC WPDL, OMWG CPR, NIST PSL, SPAR)

16. Further Information http://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk/project/ix http://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk/~oplan http://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk/~arpi/spar