1. The Hindenburg Disaster 1937

2. MAJOR DISASTERS The Titanic 1912 Tacoma bridge 1940 Twin Towers 2001

3. Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1945 Two atomic bombs: 6 th Aug 1945 : Little Boy  Hiroshima 9 th Aug 1945 : Fat Man  Nagasaki

4. Nuclear Reactions Fission and Fusion GEE KUANG BENG SMK METHODIST (ACS) Form 5 Physics

5. Little Boy – Atom Bomb – Hiroshima 6 Aug 1945

6. CS 5.4 Understanding nuclear energy You should be able to  define atomic mass unit (a.m.u)  describe and give examples of nuclear fission  describe Chain reactions  describe and give examples of nuclear fussion  relate release of nuclear energy to the equation E=mc 2  describe generation of electricity from nuclear fission PHEW!

7. Fission When atoms are bombarded with neutrons, their nuclei splits into 2 parts which are roughly equal in size. Nuclear fission in the process whereby a nucleus, with a high mass number, splits into 2 nuclei which have roughly equal smaller mass numbers. During nuclear fission, neutrons are released.

8. U 235 92 n 1 0 The Fission Process A neutron travels at high speed towards a uranium-235 nucleus.

9. U 235 92 n 1 0 The neutron strikes the nucleus which then captures the neutron. The Fission Process

10. U 236 92 The nucleus changes from being uranium-235 to uranium-236 as it has captured a neutron. The Fission Process

11. The uranium-236 nucleus formed is very unstable. The Fission Process It transforms into an elongated shape for a short time.

12. The uranium-236 nucleus formed is very unstable. The Fission Process It transforms into an elongated shape for a short time.

13. The uranium-236 nucleus formed is very unstable. The Fission Process It transforms into an elongated shape for a short time.

14. It then splits into 2 fission fragments and releases neutrons. The Fission Process 141 56 Ba 92 36 Kr n 1 0 n 1 0 n 1 0

15. It then splits into 2 fission fragments and releases neutrons. The Fission Process 141 56 Ba 92 36 Kr n 1 0 n 1 0 n 1 0

16. It then splits into 2 fission fragments and releases neutrons. The Fission Process 141 56 Ba 92 36 Kr n 1 0 n 1 0 n 1 0

17. It then splits into 2 fission fragments and releases neutrons. The Fission Process 141 56 Ba 92 36 Kr n 1 0 n 1 0 n 1 0

18. Nuclear Fission 1 n + 235 U -> 91 Kr + 142 Ba + 3 1 n

19. Nuclear Fission Examples U 235 92 + Ba 141 56 + n 1 0 3 n 1 0 + Kr 92 36 U 235 92 + Cs 138 55 + n 1 0 2 n 1 0 + Rb 96 37

20. Energy Released The energy released can be calculated using the equation: E = mc 2 Where: E = energy released (J) m = mass difference (kg) c = speed of light in a vacuum (3 x 10 8 ms -1 ) E m c2c2

21. Mass-Energy Relationship Einstein’s famous equation E = mc 2 A nucleus is measured to have less mass than the sum of its parts 12 C has a mass exactly 12.00000 amu Six protons have mass 6 x 1.00728 amu Six neutrons have mass 6 x 1.00867 amu Parts have mass 12.09570 amu

22. Mass-Energy Relationship So, where does the mass go? It is the binding energy that is holding the nucleus together Interesting to look at the mass per nucleon as we change the atomic number (change which element we look at)

23. Energy from Fission U 235 92 + Cs 138 55 + n 1 0 2 n 1 0 + Rb 96 37 ElementAtomic Mass (kg) 235 92 U3.9014 x 10 -25 138 55 Cs2.2895 x 10 -25 96 37 Rb1.5925 x 10 -25 10n10n1.6750 x 10 -27

24. Energy from Fission Calculate the total mass before and after fission takes place. The total mass before fission (LHS of the equation): The total mass after fission (RHS of the equation): 3.9014 x 10 -25 + 1.6750 x 10 -27 = 2.2895 x 10 -25 + 1.5925 x 10 -25 + (2 x 1.6750 x 10 -27 ) = 3.91815 x 10 -25 kg 3.9155 x 10 -25 kg

25. Energy from Fission The total mass before fission = The total mass after fission = 3.91815 x 10 -25 kg 3.91550 x 10 -25 kg total mass before fission > total mass after fission

26. Energy from Fission mass difference, m = total mass before fission – total mass after fission m = 3.91815 x 10 -25 – 3.91550 x 10 -25 m = 2.65 x 10 -28 kg This reduction in mass results in the release of energy.

27. Energy from Fission E = mc 2 U 235 92 + Cs 138 55 + n 1 0 2 n 1 0 + Rb 96 37 Calculate the energy released from the following fission reaction: m = 2.65 x 10 -28 kg c = 3 x 10 8 ms -1 E = E E = 2.65 x 10 -28 x (3 x 10 8 ) 2 E = 2.385 x 10 -11 J

28. Energy from Fission The energy released from this fission reaction does not seem a lot. This is because it is produced from the fission of a single nucleus. Large amounts of energy are released when a large number of nuclei undergo fission reactions.

29. Energy from Fission Each uranium-235 atom has a mass of 3.9014 x 10 -25 kg. The total number of atoms in 1 kg of uranium-235 can be found as follows: No. of atoms in 1 kg of uranium-235 = 1/3.9014 x 10 -25 No. of atoms in 1 kg of uranium-235 = 2.56 x 10 24 atoms

30. Energy from Fission If one uranium-235 atom undergoes a fission reaction and releases 2.385 x 10 -11 J of energy, then the amount of energy released by 1 kg of uranium-235 can be calculated as follows: total energy = energy per fission x number of atoms total energy = 2.385 x 10 -11 x 2.56 x 10 24 total energy = 6.1056 x 10 13 J

31. Chain Reaction

32. Nuclear fission starts a chain reaction

33. Chain Reaction The key to keeping the reaction going is that at least one of the neutrons given off, must cause another fission Controlled reaction in a nuclear reactor If two or three cause fissions, you can get a bomb! Idea of critical mass

34. Critical Mass

35. Atom Bomb

36. Nuclear Reactor

37. Figure 19.6: Diagram of a nuclear power plant.

38. Nuclear Fusion In nuclear fusion, two nuclei with low mass numbers combine to produce a single nucleus with a higher mass number. H 2 1 + He 4 2 + n 1 0 H 3 1 + Energy

39. The Fusion Process H 2 1 H 3 1

40. H 2 1 H 3 1

41. H 2 1 H 3 1

42. H 2 1 H 3 1

47. He 4 2 n 1 0 ENERGY

48. The Fusion Process He 4 2 n 1 0 ENERGY

49. The Fusion Process He 4 2 n 1 0 ENERGY

50. The Fusion Process He 4 2 n 1 0 ENERGY

51. Energy from Fusion ElementAtomic Mass (kg) 21H21H3.345 x 10 -27 31H31H5.008 x 10 -27 4 2 He6.647 x 10 -27 10n10n1.6750 x 10 -27 H 2 1 + He 4 2 + n 1 0 H 3 1 + Energy

52. Energy from Fusion Calculate the following: The mass difference. The energy released per fusion.

53. Energy from Fusion The total mass before fusion (LHS of the equation): The total mass after fission (RHS of the equation): 3.345 x 10 -27 + 5.008 x 10 -27 = 8.353 x 10 -27 kg 6.647 x 10 -27 + 1.675 x 10 -27 = 8.322 x 10 -27 kg H 2 1 + He 4 2 + n 1 0 H 3 1 + Energy

54. Energy from Fusion m = total mass before fission – total mass after fission m = 8.353 x 10 -27 – 8.322 x 10 -27 m = 3.1 x 10 -29 kg

55. Energy from Fusion E = mc 2 m = 3.1 x 10 -29 kg c = 3 x 10 8 ms -1 E = E E = 3.1 x 10 -29 x (3 x 10 8 ) 2 E = 2.79 x 10 -12 J H 2 1 + He 4 2 + n 1 0 H 3 1 + Energy The energy released per fusion is 2.79 x 10 -12 J.

56. Why is ionising radiation harmful? Radiation may be absorbed by the medium it passes through. Radiation can kill living cells or change the nature of living cells. The effects of the damage inflicted by the ionising radiation may: be severe and cause immediate effects, or not become apparent for a long time.

57. 1.Wear a radiation badge 2.Store radioactive material in lead containers 3.Use forceps / tweezers to handle radioactive subtances When working with radioactive materials, observe these precautions:

59. I will survive