1. NS-H0503-02/11041 IP Security

2. NS-H0503-02/11042 TCP/IP Example

3. NS-H0503-02/11043 IPv4 Header

4. NS-H0503-02/11044 IPSec general IP Security mechanisms provides –authentication –confidentiality –key management applicable to use over LANs, across public & private WANs, & for the Internet

5. NS-H0503-02/11045 IP Security Overview IPSec is not a single protocol. Instead, IPSec provides a set of security algorithms plus a general framework that allows a pair of communicating entities to use whichever algorithms provide security appropriate for the communication.

6. NS-H0503-02/11046 IP Security Overview Applications of IPSec –Secure branch office connectivity over the Internet –Secure remote access over the Internet –Establsihing extranet and intranet connectivity with partners –Enhancing electronic commerce security

7. NS-H0503-02/11047 IP Security Overview Benefits of IPSec –Transparent to applications (below transport layer (TCP, UDP) –Provide security for individual users IPSec can assure that: –A router or neighbor advertisement comes from an authorized router –A redirect message comes from the router to which the initial packet was sent –A routing update is not forged

8. NS-H0503-02/11048 IP Security Architecture specification is quite complex defined in numerous RFC’s –incl. RFC 2401/2402/2406/2408 –many others, grouped by category mandatory in IPv6, optional in IPv4 IPSec documents: –RFC 2401: An overview of security architecture –RFC 2402: Description of a packet encryption extension to IPv4 and IPv6 –RFC 2406: Description of a packet emcryption extension to IPv4 and IPv6 –RFC 2408: Specification of key managament capabilities

9. NS-H0503-02/11049 IPSec Document Overview

10. NS-H0503-02/110410 IP Security Scenario

11. NS-H0503-02/110411 Benefits of IPSec in a firewall/router provides strong security to all traffic crossing the perimeter is resistant to bypass is below transport layer, hence transparent to applications can be transparent to end users can provide security for individual users if desired

12. NS-H0503-02/110412 IPSec Services Access control Connectionless integrity Data origin authentication Rejection of replayed packets –a form of partial sequence integrity Confidentiality (encryption) Limited traffic flow confidentiality

13. NS-H0503-02/110413 Authentication Header (AH) provides support for data integrity & authentication of IP packets –end system/router can authenticate user/app –prevents address spoofing attacks by tracking sequence numbers based on use of a MAC –HMAC-MD5-96 or HMAC-SHA-1-96 parties must share a secret key

14. NS-H0503-02/110414 Authentication Header

15. NS-H0503-02/110415 Security Associations a one-way relationship between sender & receiver that affords security for traffic flow defined by 3 parameters: –Security Parameters Index (SPI) –IP Destination Address –Security Protocol Identifier has a number of other parameters –seq no, AH & EH info, lifetime etc have a database of Security Associations

16. NS-H0503-02/110416 Transport Mode SA Tunnel Mode SA AH Authenticates IP payload and selected portions of IP header and IPv6 extension headers Authenticates entire inner IP packet plus selected portions of outer IP header ESP Encrypts IP payload and any IPv6 extesion header Encrypts inner IP packet ESP with authentication Encrypts IP payload and any IPv6 extesion header. Authenticates IP payload but no IP header Encrypts inner IP packet. Authenticates inner IP packet. Security Associations (SA)

17. NS-H0503-02/110417 Before applying AH

18. NS-H0503-02/110418 Authentication Header Provides support for data integrity and authentication (MAC code) of IP packets. Guards against replay attacks.

19. NS-H0503-02/110419 Tunnel Mode (AH Authentication)

20. NS-H0503-02/110420 E-to-E vs E-to-I Authentication

21. NS-H0503-02/110421 Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) provides message content confidentiality & limited traffic flow confidentiality can optionally provide the same authentication services as AH supports range of ciphers, modes, padding –incl. DES, Triple-DES, RC5, IDEA, CAST etc –CBC most common –pad to meet blocksize, for traffic flow

22. NS-H0503-02/110422 Encapsulating Security Payload

23. NS-H0503-02/110423 Encryption&Authentication Algorithms Encryption: –Three-key triple DES –RC5 –IDEA –Three-key triple IDEA –CAST –Blowfish Authentication: –HMAC-MD5-96 –HMAC-SHA-1-96

24. NS-H0503-02/110424 ESP Encryption and Authentication

25. NS-H0503-02/110425 Combining Security Associations SA’s can implement either AH or ESP to implement both need to combine SA’s –form a security bundle have 4 cases (see next)

26. NS-H0503-02/110426 Combining Security Associations

27. NS-H0503-02/110427 Combinations of Security Associations

28. NS-H0503-02/110428 Combinations of Security Associations

29. NS-H0503-02/110429 Combinations of Security Associations

30. NS-H0503-02/110430 Combinations of Security Associations

31. NS-H0503-02/110431 Transport & Tunnel Modes

32. NS-H0503-02/110432 Transport vs Tunnel Mode ESP transport mode is used to encrypt & optionally authenticate IP data –data protected but header left in clear –can do traffic analysis but is efficient –good for ESP host to host traffic tunnel mode encrypts entire IP packet –add new header for next hop –good for VPNs, gateway to gateway security

33. NS-H0503-02/110433 Key Management Two types: –Manual –Automated Oakley Key Determination Protocol Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP)

34. NS-H0503-02/110434 Key Management handles key generation & distribution typically need 2 pairs of keys –2 per direction for AH & ESP manual key management –sysadmin manually configures every system automated key management –automated system for on demand creation of keys for SA’s in large systems –has Oakley & ISAKMP elements

35. NS-H0503-02/110435 Oakley Three authentication methods: –Digital signatures –Public-key encryption –Symmetric-key encryption

36. NS-H0503-02/110436 Oakley a key exchange protocol based on Diffie-Hellman key exchange adds features to address weaknesses –cookies, groups (global params), nonces, DH key exchange with authentication can use arithmetic in prime fields or elliptic curve fields

37. NS-H0503-02/110437 ISAKMP

38. NS-H0503-02/110438 ISAKMP Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol provides framework for key management defines procedures and packet formats to establish, negotiate, modify, & delete SAs independent of key exchange protocol, encryption alg, & authentication method