1. AGRICULTURE AND RURAL LAND USE Key Issue 2

2. Where are agricultural regions in less developed countries? Topics Today  Shifting Cultivation  Pastoral nomadism  Intensive subsistence agriculture  Plantation farming

3. Classifying Agricultural Regions LDCs = subsistence agriculture MDCs = commercial agriculture  Subsistence vs. commercial agriculture  Subsistence agriculture is the production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer’s family  Commercial agriculture is the production of food primarily for sale off the farm PracticePurposeLabor forceMachineryFarm sizeOff farm contact Subsistence agriculture LDCs Personal consumption On average 55% of workforce engaged in farming Human and animal powered tools Very smallOccasional surplus sold Commercial agriculture MDCs Grow crops and raise animals primarily for sale off the farm for profit On average 5% of workforce engaged in farming Mechanized farm machines, computer technology and science Large [US average in 2008 = 418 acres] agribusiness – farms one part of a large food production industry including food processing, packaging, sorting, distributing, and retailing

4. World Climate Regions Fig. 10-5b: Simplified map of the main world climate regions (see also Fig. 2.2).

5. World Agriculture Regions

6. Shifting Cultivation  Farmers rotate the fields they cultivate to allow the soil to replenish its nutrients, rather than farming the same plot of land over and over.  There are two distinguishing types of this:  Slash and Burn agriculture- where farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning the debris.  Rotating field agriculture- where farmers rotate the fields they use so the soil has time to recuperate.

7. Shifting Cultivation  These methods use much land in their farming process: nearly 25% of the earth’s land  Yet it does not produce large quantities of food for the growing population.  Shifting cultivation is being replaced by more lucrative farming practices such as ranching, logging, and the production of cash crops for the global market.  Including more destructive permanent clearings of rain forests by commercial farm companies.

8. Subsistence Agriculture  Extensive Subsistence Agriculture: where farmers use a large amount of land to cultivate food for the farmer’s family to eat.  Intensive Subsistence Agriculture: where farmers cultivate small amounts of land very efficiently to produce food for their families.

9. Pastoralism  The breeding and herding of animals to produce food, shelter, and clothing for survival.  Usually occurs in climates with limited arable land.  Only about 15million people in the modern world are pastoral nomads, living dominantly in the large arid and semiarid belt.  Transhumance: the seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland areas.

10. Plantation Farming  Plantation agriculture involves large scale farming operations specializing in one or two high demand crops for export (usually to more developed regions).  Most plantations today exist in low-latitude regions of Africa, Asia, and Latin America and are owned by companies (or individuals) from more-developed countries.  Though advanced technology is integrated into modern plantations the work is sill labor intensive requiring large numbers of seasonal workers.