1. Cellular Respiration
Topic 3.7 and 3.8

2. Assessment Statements: SL
3.7.1 Define cell respiration State that, in cell respiration, glucose in the cytoplasm is broken down by glycolysis into pyruvate, with a small yield of ATP Explain that, during anaerobic cell respiration, pyruvate can be converted in the cytoplasm into lactate, or ethanol and carbon dioxide, with no further yield of ATP Explain that, during aerobic cell respiration, pyruvate can be broken down in the mitochondrion into carbon dioxide and water with a large yield of ATP.

3. Cellular Respiration: Standard level
How does the process of cellular respiration yield ATP (chemical energy) from food?
What do you already know about cellular respiration?
What organelle in the cell is the “powerhouse” that makes energy for the cell?

4. What is ATP? Energy ‘currency’ used by all cells
Adenosine triphosphate
Organic molecule containing high-energy phosphate bonds

5. Chemical Structure of ATP
Adenine Base
3 Phosphates
Ribose Sugar

6. How Do We Get Energy From ATP?
By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP ATP hydrolase (ATP’ase) catalyses the breakdown of ATP into ADP + Pi

7. Each day, you hydrolyse 1025 ATP molecules
ATP-ase
ATP Synthetase

8. HYDROLYSIS (Adding H2O)

9. How is ATP re-made?
Substrate-level phosphorylation (using enzymes: in the cytoplasm of the cell and the matrix of the mitochondrion)
Chemiosmosis (in the mitochondria, using ATP synthase)

10. Substrate level phosphorylation and chemiosmosis

11. Definition of cellular respiration
Controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP
Cells break down organic compounds by SLOW oxidation
Chemical energy is stored in covalent bonds
By releasing energy in a controlled way, it can be trapped in the ‘useful’ form of ATP

14. Breakdown of one glucose results in 36 to 38 ATP molecules
Cellular Respiration
Breakdown of one glucose results in 36 to 38 ATP molecules
Metabolic Pathway that breaks down carbohydrates
Process is exergonic as high-energy glucose is broken into CO2 and H2O
Process is also catabolic because glucose breaks into smaller molecules

15. Equations for aerobic respiration
All of these are fine!....

16. Equation for Cellular Respiration
C6H12O O2
YIELDS
6CO2 + 6H20 + e ATP + heat

17. Stages of Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis ALWAYS OCCURS
Anaerobic pathways if no oxygen available (Lactic acid and Ethanol fermentation)
Aerobic pathways if oxygen available (Link reaction, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain)

19. Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place?
glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm
Krebs Cycle & ETC Take place in the mitochondria

21. Glycolysis: Always the initial stage of respiration
Location: cytoplasm
Substrate: glucose
Requires input of 2 ATP
Products: pyruvate, (NADH), 4 ATP Glycolysis is an anaerobic process: no oxygen required
the movie...

22. Glycolysis

23. If no oxygen is available, glycolysis (anaerobic) is followed by fermentation (anaerobic)

24. Why fermentation?
In the absence of oxygen, glycolysis soon stops unless there is an alternative acceptor for the electrons produced from the glycolytic pathway

25. Fermentation
1. Alcoholic fermentation Pyruvate is converted into ethanol plus carbon dioxide and NAD+
Lactate fermentation
Pyruvate is converted into lactate and NAD+

26. Alcoholic fermentation in yeast

27. Alcoholic fermentation in yeast
Pyruvate is produced from glycolysis
3-carbon pyruvate is converted to 2-carbon ethanol and carbon dioxide
Generation of carbon dioxide helps bread products to rise
Yeast is used to produce ethanol

28. Lactate fermentation in mammals
Lactate is a 3-carbon molecule
NAD+ is regenerated to allow glycolysis to continue

29. Aerobic respiration
Takes place in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells
Substrate: pyruvate
Produces LOTS of ATP (28 – 38 ATP): 90% of total ATP from respiration
Also produces carbon dioxide, water and heat
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor

30. Aerobic respiration: the most efficient pathway for ATP generation

31. Aerobic respiration 2 pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondrion
Pyruvate loses a CO2 molecule and becomes acetyl CoA
Krebs cycle produces 2 ATP and CO2
Electron transport chain produces 34 ATP and water
Aerobic respiration completely oxidises a glucose molecule
Anaerobic respiration does not completely oxidise glucose – ethanol, lactate and carbon dioxide are by-products

32. Some practice questions on respiration…
1. How do cells capture the energy released by cell respiration? A. They store it in molecules of carbon dioxide. B. They produce glucose. C. The energy is released as pyruvate. D. They produce ATP. (Total 1 mark)

33. Some practice questions on respiration…
2. Which process produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose? A. Anaerobic respiration in a yeast cell B. Aerobic respiration in a bacterial cell C. Glycolysis in a human liver cell D. The formation of lactic acid in a human muscle cell (Total 1 mark)

34. Some practice questions on respiration…
3. Which of the following is the best definition of cell respiration? A. A process needed to use energy, in the form of ATP, to produce organic compounds B. A process used to provide oxygen to the atmosphere C. A controlled release of energy, in the form of ATP, from organic compounds in cells D. A controlled release of energy in the production of food from organic compounds (Total 1 mark)

35. Some practice questions on respiration…
4. Which of the following processes produces CO2? I. Glycolysis II. Alcohol (ethanol) fermentation III. Lactic acid production A. I only B. II only C. I and II only D. I, II and III (Total 1 mark)

36. Some practice questions on respiration…
4. Which of the following processes produces CO2? I. Glycolysis II. Alcohol (ethanol) fermentation III. Lactic acid production A. I only B. II only C. I and II only D. I, II and III (Total 1 mark)

37. Some practice questions on respiration…
4. State a word equation for anaerobic cell respiration in humans. (1 mark)