1. NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING

2. NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING INCOME AND EXPENDITURE 1. Income is the earnings of individuals. 2. The income of a corporation is called revenue. 3. One way that government derives income is through taxing individual and firms. What is Income?

3. NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING INCOME AND EXPENDITURE What is Expenditure? 1. Expenditure is what individual, firms and the government spend on. -Expenditure of Individuals is denoted as C. -Expenditure of firms (corporations) is denoted as I -Expenditure of governemnt is denoted as G.

4. The National Expenditure/Income NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING In any economy, we expect Income = Expenditure National Income/Expenditure is = C + I + G

5. NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING To Calculate the Expenditure of an Economy The total or aggregate expenditure of an economy that does not import or export any goods and services is calculated by using the formula below: Aggregate Expenditure = C + I + G (without imports or exports)

6. NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING Aggregate Expenditure (AE) and Aggregate Demand (AD) Aggregate Expenditure is also called Aggregate Demand (AE = AD). This means that to calculate Aggregate demand we also use the AE formula: AD = C + I + G (without exports (X) and imports (M)) AD = C + I + G + (X – M) (with exports and imports) Note: Some countries do not have an import & export sector as they are closed and self sufficient. (eg some remote pacific Island country) *We call the (X-M) component the external economy. While the (C+ I + G) is called the domestic economy.

7. NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING Aggregate Demand (AD) Aggregate demand is the total expenditure of an economy. It consist of the spending of consumers (C) + firms (I) + government (G) + (X-M). AD The AD curve looks like a normal demand curve but is actually different from a demand curve. AD is the total demand of the whole country at a certain price level while the regular demand curve represents a the demand of a person, a firm or an industry for a good or service. AS

8. NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING Aggregate Demand (AD) If any of the components in the AD are increased or decrease, the AD will shift right and left accordingly. AD AS Increase C or I or G or X Decrease C or I or G or X GPL GDP (Y)

9. NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING Aggregate Demand (AD) If any of the components in the AD are increased or decrease, the AD will shift right and left accordingly. AD AS Increase C or I or G or X Decrease C or I or G or X GPL GDP (Y)

10. NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING How Taxes Affect Consumption and Investments C= (Income – Tax) From the formula above if tax increases, then consumption (C) and investments (I) decreases. Quiz 1 What would consumption be if the average income of Singaporeans was $60,000 and the tax rate was 10%? Quiz 2 What would happen to Aggregate Demand or GDP when taxes increase? Average C wll drop to $54,000 GDP will decrease as C & I decreases. AD shifts left. I = (Revenue – Tax)

11. NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING Recap: Aggregate Demand (AD) If taxes increased, the AD will shift left accordingly. AD AS Increase C or I or G or X Decrease C or I or G or X GPL (Y) GDP1 GDP2 GDP 1 < GDP 2 the gross dometic product has decreased GPL1 GPL2 GPL 1 > GPL 2 the general price level has decreased

12. Aggregate Demand and Economic Growth When aggregate demand shifts left and GDP decreases, we say that the economic growth of a country has been reduced. ie GDP2 < GDP1(after AD has shifted left)

13. NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING How Interest Rate (r) Affect C & I C & I borrow money from the bank to spend. Quiz 1 In 2013 Interest rates fell from a year ago 6.5% to 5%, how will C & I adjust their expenditure. Quiz 2 What would happen to Aggregate Demand and economic growth when interest rate (r) increases? C & I will increase their expenditure GDP will decrease as C & I will decrease. AD shifts left. If r decreases, then it would be cheaper for C & I to borrow and to spend.

14. NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING Recap: Aggregate Demand (AD) If any of the components in the AD are increased or decrease, the AD will shift right and left accordingly. AD AS Increase C or I or G or X Decrease C or I or G or X GPL (Y) GDP1 GDP2 GDP 1 < GDP 2 the gross dometic product has decreased GPL1 GPL2 GPL 1 > GPL 2 the general price level has decreased

15. NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING How will increasing money supply affect C & I The government can increase money supply in an economy (eg. Printing money and distributing it via the banks). Quiz 1 Explain how economic growth will be affected when government decreases money supply. Answer When government reduces the money supply, there will be less easily available money circulating in the economy and as such consumption and investment will be decreased causing GDP to be reduced and economic growth to fall. When there is more money circulating in the economy, it becomes easier and cheaper for consumers and firms to obtain money to spend. ie. C + I will increase.

16. NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING How Government Spending can affect C & I When Governement (G) spends, it will influence GDP directly since : AD (GDP ) = C + I + G Question If government spending can directly influence the GDP of a country, what does this imply about the power of Government? Answer This implies that government has the power to influence or increase the GDP (and ultimately economic growth) when the economy is not doing well. It can also decrease the GDP to bring down inflation when the GPL is too high.

17. NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING Government Policies – Demand Side Any government policies that government implement that can affect the aggregate demand to increase or decrease are called demand-side policies. Demand Side Policies Consist of: -Fiscal Policies : a. Government influencing AD/GDP via increasing/decreasing taxes. b. Government influencing AD/GDP via increase/decreasing government spending (G) - Monetary Policy: a. Government influencing AD/GDP via increasing or decreasing money supply. b. Increasing, decreasing the interest rate.

18. NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING Q1: The economy of the United States has not been growing for the last 5 years. Explain the policies the Fed (US central bank) implement to spur economic growth. (6 points) Hint: slide 17 1.Gov. can use fiscal policy: Reduce Taxes Increase government spending (eg.on infrastructure, retraining etc) Appropriate diagram to illustrated 2.Monetary policy: Increase money supply so as to make funds more readily available for consumers and firms to spend. Decreasing the interest rate. Answer:

19. NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING Fiscal & Monetary Policies If government wants to spur economic growth, they could use the demand side polices of either fiscal or monetary policies. AD AS Fiscal -Decrease Tax -Increase G Monetary -Decrease Interest Rate -Increase MS. GPL (Y) GDP2 GDP1 GDP 1 < GDP 2 the gross domestic product has decreased GPL2 GPL1 GPL 2 > GPL 1, ie GPL has increased, increasing inflation.

20. NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING 1.Gov. can use fiscal policy: Increase Taxes Decrease government spending (eg.on infrastructure, retraining etc) Appropriate diagram to illustrated 2.Monetary policy: Decrease money supply so as to make funds more readily available for consumers and firms to spend. Increase interest rate to make it more expensive to borrow and spend. Answer: Q2. If a country is suffering high prices (as in high inflation), what policy tool can the Gov. use to tame inflation? (6 points)

21. NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING AD AS Fiscal -Decrease G -Increase T Monetary Decrease Money Supply GPL (Y) GDP1 GDP2 But GDP 2 < GDP 1. the gross domestic product has decreased lowering economic growth. GPL1 GPL2 GPL 1 > GPL 2 the general price level has decreased, thus lowering inflation by lowering GPL. If government wants to lower inflation, they could use the demand side polices of either fiscal or monetary policies.

22. NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING