2. Understanding El Niño and La Niña

3. Normal conditions: upwelling off the coast of Peru, warm water “piled up” in the Western Pacific

4. Strong upwelling

5. Normal conditions: upwelling off the coast of Peru, warm water “piled up” in the Western Pacific

6. Normal conditions

7. El Niño conditions: surface current reversed, pushing warm water toward the Eastern Pacific Upwelling repressed  Unusually warm water across Equatorial Pacific

8. El Niño conditions: surface current reversed, pushing warm water toward the Eastern Pacific Upwelling repressed  Unusually warm water across Equatorial Pacific

9. La Niña: Stronger trade Winds than normal, causing a strong upwelling of cold water in the Eastern Pacific

10. Developing La Niña after an El Niño

16. Declared El Niño related disasters, 1998

18. General: http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/climatechange1/11_1.shtmlhttp://earthguide.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/climatechange1/11_1.shtml Health effects :https://apps.who.int/inf-fs/en/fact192.htmlhttps://apps.who.int/inf-fs/en/fact192.html Fisheries disruptions,,Seabirds, marine mammals: http://www.elnino.noaa.gov/impacts.html