1. Lab3: writing up results and ANOVAs with within and between factors 1

2. Should be able to answer: What are the independent and dependent variables? Are the conditions of application met? – Compound symmetry? – Sphericity? 2

3. Conditions of application Normality: – fully balanced design, all subjects in all conditions, all cells filled so probably safe Compound symmetry: – Smallest covariance:.147, Largest covariance: 39 Sphericity: – p>.05, fail to reject hypothesis that pairwise variances differ 3

4. Should be able to answer: Are there main effects? – Contrasts: to learn about others, p. 371 4

5. Summary of results A significant main effect of coil was observed, suggesting that the fMRI signal varies for coils with different numbers of channels (F 1,11 )=37, p<.001), while collapsing across (or irrespective to) acceleration level. Means reveal that signal was greater for the 32 channel as predicted. A significant main effect of acceleration was found, suggesting that MRI signals differ for different levels of acceleration (F 2,22 =13.6, p<.001), when collapsing across coils. Contrasts revealed that acceleration of a factor of 2 or 3 both differenced significantly from no acceleration (2factor: F 1,11 =6.1, p.1), suggesting that signal changes linearly with acceleration. Graphs reveal that the linear relationship is such that MRI signals decrease with increasing acceleration. This is consistent with our hypothesis. When reporting F, need degrees of freedom, first one is for the factor and is number of levels -1, second one is for error, which is (number of subjects -1) X (number of levels-1) 5

6. Should be able to answer: Are there main effects? Interactions? 6

7. Summary of results However!! There was a significant interaction of coil and acceleration (F 2,22 =9.9, p<.01). We therefore investigated the effect of acceleration separately for each coil. 12 channel: There is a significant main effect of acceleration using the GG (F 1.25, 13.8 =18.1, p<.001). Contrasts reveal that acceleration of a factor of 2 (F 1,11 =11.3, p<.01) and 3 (F 1,11 =131.1, p<.001) both differ from no acceleration. 32 channel: There is again a significant main effect of acceleration (F 2,22 =4.1, p<.05). However, contrasts revealed that only acceleration of factor 3 differed significantly from no acceleration (F 1,11 =7.9, p<.05). This suggests 32 channel coil is less affected by acceleration than 12 channel, as hypothesized. 7

8. Interpreting interactions via contrasts 8

9. Writing an abstract Background Objective Methods. May include: – (Sample size calculation / power) – Instruments – Procedure – Sample description (or may be in results) – Analysis (or may be in results) Results Discussion 9

10. Abstract format Background: Advances in MRI hardware have led to coils with greater numbers of channels, while software improvements have allowed MR data to be collected faster. Objective: Here, we set out to test whether more channels are better, and how MRI acceleration techniques might affect signal strength. Methods: Twelve subjects underwent fMRI with both a 12 (12ch) and a 32 channel (32ch) coil. For each coil, three levels of acceleration were tested (none, 2factor and 3factor). Average MR signal was extracted and used as the dependent measure in a repeated measures ANOVA. Results: There was a main effect of number of channels (F 1,11 )=37, p<.001), resulting from greater signal from the 32ch versus the 12ch. There was a main effect of acceleration (F 2,22 =13.6, p<.001), with signal decreasing as acceleration increased. In addition, there was an interaction between number of channels and acceleration (F 2,22 =9.9, p<.01). To investigate the interaction, repeated measure ANOVAs were performed for the simple effects. They revealed a significant main effect of acceleration for both the 12ch, where the Greenhouse-Geisser correction was used (F 1.25, 13.8 =18.1, p<.001), and for the 32ch (F 2,22 =4.1, p<.05). Simple contrasts revealed that for the 12ch, signals decreased significantly for both 2factor (F 1,11 =11.3, p<.01) and 3factor (F 1,11 =131.1, p<.001) acceleration. However, for the 3ch, signals decreased significantly for only the highest level of acceleration (F 1,11 =7.9, p<.05). Discussion: This suggests that signals are greater when collected with more channels, and as the amount of acceleration increases, signals decrease. This was particularly true for the 12ch data. 10

11. Next up: mixed design ANOA What if you have both within and between subjects factors? No worries, ANOVA can handle it What are between subject factors? 11

12. Mixed design: conditions of application 1.Normality within each factor level or group – Robust to violations as long as fully factorial -> no levels missing (like having only 2 of the three levels of acceleration for 32 channel data or group). – This can also be tested via histograms and tests for normality (see chapter 4??) 2.Homogeneity of variance: – Replaced by compound symmetry or sphericity in RM ANOVA – But now need to check for between subject factors with Levene’s test Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups -> want nonsig need to be careful because can be positive from small deviations with large sample sizes 12

13. Practical differences Must define between subject variables 13

14. Practical differences Can use posthoc tests to investigate differences: Scheffe 14

15. Practical differences Making plots 15

16. Practical differences Levene’s test 16

17. New output 17

18. Now you try! Expansion of MRI methods study from last week. Again tested two different MRI coils (12 channel and 32 channel coils), and 3 levels of acceleration (a0,a2,a3). Same hypotheses as before: – Signal should be larger for 32 than 12 channel coil – Signal should decrease with increasing levels of acceleration In addition, half of the subjects (12) were scanned with a resolution of 2mm (voxels 2x2x2mm) and half (12) with 3mm. – Hypothesize that large voxels result in more signal. 18

19. Should be able to answer: What are the independent and dependent variables? Are they within or between? Are the conditions of application met? – Sphericity? – Homogeneity of variance? Are there main effects? Interactions: investigate with simple effects and the contrasts What can you conclude: try writing up an abstract 19