1. Technology in Medicine n Computers in health care Medical information systemsMedical information systems Administrative applicationsAdministrative applications Office management systems Office management systems Clinical and special purpose systemsClinical and special purpose systems

2. Other Applications Computer-assisted surgery Computer-assisted surgery Prosthetics Prosthetics Pharmacy Pharmacy

3. The Evolution of Prosthetics

4. Computer-assisted surgery n Computer-assisting surgical planning n Robotics n Minimally invasive surgery –endoscopic surgery –laparoscopic surgery

5. Computer assisted surgery and Robotics in surgery

6. Endoscopic Surgery Laparoscopic Surgery

7. Prosthetic Devices n Myoelectric limbs n Microprocessors n Computer technology for vision and hearing

8. Myoelectric Limb

9. The Computerized Pharmacy n Computers and drug errors n The automated community pharmacy n Hospital pharmacy robot and bar- codes n Point-of-use drug dispensing

10. Conventional Pharmacy

11. Computerized Pharmacy

12. Pharmacy Robot

13. Radiology and Digital Imaging n X-rays Traditional vs. digital x-rayTraditional vs. digital x-ray MammographyMammography n Ultrasound n Digital imaging Computerized tomography (CT, CAT Scans)Computerized tomography (CT, CAT Scans) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Positron emission tomography (PET)Positron emission tomography (PET)

14. Digital vs. Traditional Mammograms

15. Ultrasound

16. 3-D Ultrasound

17. Computerized Tomography aka Cat Scan aka CT Scan

18. Cat Scan Examples:

20. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

21. MRI Examples:

22. PET Scan Examples: positron emissions tomography

23. Bloodless surgery Interventional radiologyInterventional radiology Stereotactic radiosurgeryStereotactic radiosurgery Focused ultrasound surgeryFocused ultrasound surgery

24. Telemedicine n Definition: “The use of computers, the Internet, and other communication technologies to provide medical care to patients at a distance.” n Forms: –Voice –Data –Still images –Motion picture

25. Telemedicine n Includes: –Diagnoses –Patient monitoring –Treatments

26. Telemedicine n Telehealth: –Larger field that includes health- related education –public health research –health services administration

27. Telemedicine n Advantages: –Brings high quality medical care to anyone regardless of distance –Decreases patient wait time –Decreases patient travel time

28. Telemedicine n Teleradiology: Oldest form of telemedicine using computers and telecommunications. n Interactive video conferencing: Conferencing that allows medical professionals and patients to consult in real-time, using telephones and video screens.

29. Telemedicine n Telepathology: Transmission of microscopic images over telecommunications lines allowing the pathologist to view images on a monitor instead of under a microscope. n Telepsychiatry: Uses teleconferencing to deliver psychotherapy. May not be suitable for some types of mental illness.

30. Telemedicine n Remote monitoring devices –Telespironmetry- n used for asthma patients n information transmitted over telephone lines to remote location –Arrhythmia monitoring n ECG telemetry that monitors a patient’s cardiac status and sends it to a remote location

31. Effectiveness of Telemedicine n Examining a patient at a distance is not the same as examining that patient face to face n In prisons, telemedicine has led to decreased costs and improved health care for inmates

32. Effectiveness of Telemedicine n Medical assistants at the remote sites may be useful n Small hospitals and clinics may find hardware costs prohibitive n Research studies generally favorable for medical and cost effectiveness

33. Use of Telemedicine n Health care to the elderly (homebound) n Connect rural primary care physicians to urban specialists n Allow families of high-risk newborns to watch babies’ hospital care from home n Data can be transmitted from ambulance to ER n Patients with chronic illnesses can receive medication reminders at home

34. Issues in Telemedicine n Technical issues –appropriate telecommunications infrastructure must be in place –not available in some rural and urban areas –requires high bandwidth (cable modem)

35. Issues in Telemedicine n Insurance issues –insurance may not coverall telemedicine n Legal issues –licensing laws differ in each state –liability is not clear n Privacy issues –electronic medical record subject to misuse –HIPPA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996)