1. Cell Theory and Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
Characteristics #1 of Living Things:
-Living things are organized

2. What is a Cell? Cell – Basic unit of living things.
Organisms are either:
Unicellular – made of one
cell such as bacteria and amoebas. OR
Multicellular – made of
many cells such as plants
and animals.

3. Multicellular Organization
tissue
organ
organism
A group of similar cells is called a tissue.
A group of similar tissues is called an organ.
A group of organs working together form an
organ system or organism

4. Scientists to Remember
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674)
Father of Microscopy
Saw tiny living things in pond water.

5. Scientists to Remember
Robert Hooke (1665) – Observed “cells” in cork
Named box-shaped structures as “cells”

6. Other Scientists Matthias Schleiden (1838) – Plants are made of cells.
Theodor Schwann (1839) – Animals are made of cells.
Rudolf Virchow (1855) – New cells come from existing cells.
Janet Plowe (1931) – Cell membrane is a physical structure.
Lynn Margulis (1970) – Organelles were once free-living cells.

7. Cell Theory
Confirmed discoveries that all scientists believe to be true about cells:
All organisms (living things) are composed of one or more cells.
The cell is the basic unit of (life) structure and organization of organisms.
All (new) cells come from preexisting cells.

8. Microscopes
Light Microscope – magnifies tiny organisms up to 1,000 times.
-Uses light and lenses.
-We use these.
Electron Microscope – magnifies
up to a million times.
-Uses electrons.

9. The Discovery of Cells Prokaryotic before nucleus Eukaryotic true

10. Eukaryotes Has a nucleus with a nuclear envelope
Bigger and more complex than prokaryotes
Have membrane bound Organelles (golgi, ER, lysosomes…etc)
DNA – double-stranded and forms chromosomes (highly organized)
Can be unicellular OR multicellular organisms
Sexual Reproduction by Meiosis
Ex: animals, plants, fungi

11. Prokaryotes NO nucleus NO membrane bound organelles (just ribosomes)
ALL are unicellular
Smaller than eukaryotic cells
Forerunner to eukaryotic cells (smaller and more simple)
DNA – single strand and circular
Asexual Reproduction by Binary Fission
Ex: ALL Bacteria

12. Similarities Both have ribosomes Contain all four macromolecules
lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids
Both have ribosomes
Both have DNA
Similar Metabolism
Both can be unicellular
Have cell/plasma membranes or cell wall

13. Eukaryote VS. Prokaryote Picture

14. Prokaryotic Cell Reproduction Binary Fission

15. Eukaryotic Cell Reproduction
Note that mitosis is also valuable for repairing damaged tissue, replacing worn out cells, growing, and developing, not just asexual reproduction. 
Mitosis: cell reproduction for growth and replacement of cells. This makes identical copies (clones)
Meiosis: cell reproduction for the production of gametes, such as egg and sperm (sex cells)

16. How did organelles evolve?
Biologists generally believe that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes.
In 1981, Lynn Margulis popularized the “endosymbiont theory.”

17. Endosymbiotic Theory
The Endosymbiotic Theory states that present day eukaryotic cells evolved from the uniting of several types of primitive prokaryotic cells
Some organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts) might have been were originally prokaryotes that were involved in a symbiotic relationship

18. Endosymbiotic Theory A prokaryote ancestor “eats” a smaller prokaryote
The smaller prokaryote evolves a way to avoid being digested, and lives inside its new “host” cell kind of like a pet.

19. Endo = inside Symbiont = friend
Endosymbiotic Theory
Endo = inside Symbiont = friend

20. Endosymbiotic Theory
The small prokaryotes that can do photosynthesis evolve into chloroplasts, and “pay” their host with glucose.
The smaller prokaryotes that can do aerobic respiration evolve into mitochondria, and convert the glucose into energy the cell can use.
Both the host and the symbiont benefit from the relationship

21. Endosymbiotic Theory
Chlorella are tiny green cells that live inside some amoeba... endosymbiosis may still be evolving today!