1. OECD International assessment of problem solving skills Educating for Innovative Societies 26 April 2012 Michael Davidson OECD Directorate for Education

2. The story so far…. PISA 2003 – Problem solving (paper based) PIAAC – Problem solving in technology‐rich environments (computer based) PISA 2012 – Dynamic problem solving (computer based) PISA 2015 – Collaborative problem solving (computer based)

3. PISA 2003 problem solving Problem solving is an individual’s ability to use cognitive processes to confront and resolve real, cross-disciplinary situations where the solution path is not immediately obvious and where the literacy domains or curricular areas that might be applicable are not within a single domain of mathematics, science or reading.

4. PISA 2003 problem solving

5. The PISA 2012 definition of problem solving competency problem solving competency is an individual’s capacity to engage in cognitive processing to understand and resolve problem situations where a method of solution is not immediately obvious. It includes the willingness to engage with such situations in order to achieve one’s potential as a constructive and reflective citizen.

7. PISA 2015 Collaborative problem solving- challenges Group or individual? Integration of problem solving skills with student dispositions towards social interaction? Practicalities – Sampling – Computer capabilities – Scoring Human-computer approach valid? – Interactive rather than collaborative?

8. The PISA 2015 definition of collaborative problem solving (draft) Collaborative problem solving competency is the capacity of an individual to effectively engage in a process whereby two or more agents attempt to solve a problem by sharing the understanding and effort required to come to a solution.

9. PISA 2015 CPS (draft) Establishing understanding Taking action Establishing organisation Exploring and Understanding Representing and Formulating Planning and Executing Monitoring and Reflecting

10. Thank you. www.pisa.oecd.org Sample computer based items: http://erasq.acer.edu.au/ http://erasq.acer.edu.au/