1. Language and Grammar
Grammar – rules used to organise and describe language
Syntax - the way sentences are structured
Parts of speech:
Nouns – people, places, things, ideas.
A noun is a word that names – people eg student
places eg town
things eg chair
ideas eg anger, peace
Proper nouns are official names with a capital letter
eg Ms Budge, Dunedin, Logan Park High School.

2. A concrete noun refers to things which have a physical existence or
that can be seen, touched or heard
e.g book, house, piano
An abstract noun refers to a quality rather than something
which can be seen or touched e.g aroha, reputation, loyalty.
Or ideas, attitudes, concepts or emotions e.g pain, education,
Collective nouns are used when there is more than one of something
eg pack of dogs, pride of lions

3. Test for a noun: if you can put a, an or the in front of the word, it
will be a noun (except for proper nouns)
eg The boy, an apple, the education of young people…
Highlight your notes page 10 and 11 boxes
Do activity 2 on page 12
Articles – the, a, an
Definite (or specific) article eg the chair - specifies a particular
thing or person
Indefinite (or unspecific) article eg a chair - doesn’t specify which
particular thing
or an apple…..

4. An adjective is a word which modifies or adds meaning to a noun
or pronoun eg the old book
They can come before or after the noun and are sometimes called
modifiers. eg the runners looked hot and tired
Many adjectives can be used to compare one thing with another by
using their plain (normative), comparative, or superlative forms.
Plain: Comparative: Superlative:
big
small
blue
Irregular adjectives don’t follow the er/est pattern
eg good, better, best

5. Highlight notes page 17 and do activity 6 and 7
A pronoun is a word which takes the place of a noun to
avoid repetition
eg Hope took Hope’s bag
She took her bag
Personal pronouns eg I, me, you, your, she, he, we, they …
Interrogative pronouns are used to replace a noun in questions
who, whose, which, what…
Relative pronouns – who, when, which, that are also relative
pronouns. They relate back to the nouns and pronouns that
precede them. “Who” refers to persons… “Which” to things..

6. Read page 13 - 14 and highlight and do Activity 3 pg 15
Do Activity 4 and 5 page 16
A verb is a word which denotes:
- action eg she runs
- feeling eg he likes
- possession eg they own
- state of existence eg I am
Verbs also show tense, or when the action happened.
Some examples of tense: present tense eg paints
past tense eg painted
future tense eg will paint
In general we identify verbs by their infinitive (or base) form
An infinitive combines the preposition “to” with the first person, simple present form of the verb
eg to join, to write, to imagine, to watch, to run, to paint…..

7. Imperatives are the command form of the verb. eg Go. Stop. Wait. Run.
Complete verbs change for person and tense and can form
a sentence.
eg She knew the answer. He thinks carefully.
The participles need the help of auxiliary (extra) verbs to make
complete verbs.
Eg I walking XX
I am walking (am is the auxiliary)
Highlight notes on page 20, 21 and 22
and do activities 8, 9.
Second handout do part 3 parts of speech:
pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, root words,
conjunctions, prepositions

8. A simple sentence contains one subject and one complete verb. (It
begins with a capital letter and ends with a fullstop, or question mark,
or exclamation mark).
Eg The student completed the assignment.
The verb here is “completed.” The subject indicates the action and
answers the question who or what in front of the verb.
Who completed? Ans: The student. The student is the subject.
Object. This sentence also has an object. The object is a person
or thing a verb acts upon. It answers the question, whom/what
after the verb.
The student completed what?
Answer: the assignment. The assignment is the object.

9. Active or Passive
A verb is active when the subject of the sentence is doing the action
indicated by its related verb. A verb is passive when the subject
of the sentence is having the action indicated by its related verb
done to it.
The student completed the assignment. ACTIVE
The assignment was completed by the student. PASSIVE
Highlight note on page 23 Active and Passive Voice.
Do Activity 11 on page 24
And activity 12

10. Adverbs: An adverb is a word which modifies or adds meaning
to a verb eg he walked quickly
to an adjective eg extremely old man
or to another adverb eg very quickly
They indicate how (manner) eg she called loudly
where (place) eg they climbed down
when (time) eg The news came yesterday
how much (degree) eg She sang very well
Many adverbs end in “ly” eg slowly, quickly, recently….

11. Highlight the note on adverbs on page 25 and do activity 13 page 26
Prepositions are words that make connections between two things.
They show the relationship in place of one thing to another.
Eg she went __________ the bridge
Eg over, under, across, around, through, on, past, behind etc
Another preposition is “of”
Highlight page 26 note on prepositions and do activity 14

12. Conjunctions literally mean joining words.
A conjunction is a word which joins ideas, words or parts of a sentence.
There are 2 main types of conjunctions:
Co-ordinating conjunctions: both sentences are equally important.
eg I go to school and I have a job. Eg and, or, but, so
Sub-ordinating conjunctions: joins a sentence which gives a reason
or condition. Most conjunctions are used to introduce subordinate clauses.

13. Because he revised his work, it had few mistakes.
If I pass my exams, I’ll go out.
If, because, although, whether, while, which, provided, unless….etc……
Highlight page 28 and 29 notes on conjunctions.

14. Sentences Types Parts of speech in sentence types:
Parts of speech are combined to form sentences.
Nouns and pronouns – say what you want to talk about
Adjectives – give extra information about the nouns
Verbs – explain the action
Adverbs – give extra information about verbs, adjectives or other adverbs
A noun phrase, adjectival phrase, prepositional phrase, verbal phrase and adverbial phrase function in the same way as a noun, adjectives, verbs and adverbs.
Highlight page 29. Do activities 17, 18 and 19

15. Subject, Predicate and Object in Sentences
The subject is the doer – who or what is talked about.
If the subject is a noun phrase (e.g. the small boy) the main noun and verb
must agree (e.g. the small boy catches the ball)
The subject usually goes at the start of a sentence.
The predicate is what is said about the subject and usually follows the subject.
To check which is the subject and which is the predicate, pick out the verb and ask who or what. E.g. The babysitter lives across town but arrives on time.
Verb = arrives. Who arrives? The babysitter. The babysitter is the subject.
The object of a sentence part of the predicate so ask “what” or “to whom”.

16. Activities – sentence parts
Read and highlight pages Do activity 20.
In second hand out do Part One Sentences.

17. Phrases and Clauses
A phrase is a group of words without their own complete verb or predicate. Phrases can not stand alone but are used to add detail to sentences.
Types of phrases –
prepositional phrase
adverbial phrase
adjectival phrase
noun phrase
verbal phrase

18. Clauses
A clause has its own subject and predicate so must have a verb.
A clause can be part of a sentence OR stand alone.
A subordinate clause depends on the main clause to make sense.
e.g. It was raining (main clause) so I took my umbrella (subordinate clause)
Your turn:
The aeroplane circled the airport because a storm was raging
Highlight page 34, do activity 21.
Revisit phrases and clauses handout from creative writing unit.

19. From second handout do part 4 Using a variety of sentence types
The type of sentence depends on the type of writing – informal writing uses simple sentences, more formal writing uses more complex sentences. Sentences can be classified as one of the following:
Complete – has at least one complete verb
Minor – part of the sentence is missing but it makes sense
Incomplete – part of the sentence is missing and it doesn’t make sense
Simple – complete and had only one verb
Compound – two simple sentences joined with a conjunction
Complex – two simple sentence joined by a subordinating conjunction creating a major and minor sentence
Compound Complex – A compound and a complex sentence
Highlight pages 35-36
From second handout do part 4 Using a variety of sentence types