1. Year 12 What you should know already
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Year 12 What you should know already

2. Elements and symbols that you should know:
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Elements and symbols that you should know:
Part 1 – The obvious ones:
Hydrogen
Helium
Lithium
Beryllium
Boron
Carbon
Nitrogen H He Li Be B C N
Oxygen
Fluorine
Neon
Magnesium
Aluminium
Silicon
Phosphorus O F Ne Mg Al Si P

3. Some more obvious ones:
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Some more obvious ones:
Sulphur
Chlorine
Argon S Cl Ar
18) Calcium
19) Zinc Ca Zn
The less obvious ones:
Sodium
Potassium
Iron
Copper
Silver Na K Fe Cu Ag
6) Tin
7) Gold
8) Mercury
9) Lead Sn Au Hg Pb

4. 25/03/2017
What is an ion?
An anion is an atom that has gained electron(s) to form a (-) ion
e.g Cl- (Chloride)
S2- (Sulfide)
or a cation is an atom that has lost electron(s) to form a (+) ion
e.g Na+ (Sodium)
Fe2+ (iron (ll) ion) (aka Ferric ion)
Fe3+ (iron(lll) ion ) (Ferrous)

5. The formula for Ions that you should know:
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The formula for Ions that you should know:
Write the ion or name beside the following
Hydrogen ion
Carbonate
Lithium ion
Magnesium ion
Oxide
Sulphate
Sodium ion
Iron (ll) ion
H +
CO32-
Li +
Mg 2+
0 2-
SO42-
Na +
Fe 2+
OH -
S 2-
Cl -
NO3 -
Al 3+
Pb 2+
Ca 2+
Fe 3+
Hydroxide ion
Sulphide ion
Chloride ion
Nitrate ion
Aluminium ion
Lead ion
Calcium ion
Iron (lll)

6. A substance made of one type of atom is called an element
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Atoms and elements
A substance made of one type of atom is called an element
e.g. a piece of Aluminium (symbol Al) consists of only aluminium atoms bonded together and is called an element.

7. Molecules
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Some elements are unstable as single atoms and only exist as 2 atoms bonded together to form a molecule.
These are usually gases
e.g H2 , N2, Cl2, O2

8. Compounds and Molecules
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Some compounds are molecules that contain 2 or more different atoms covalently bonded together. Some common molecular compounds are:
CO2 (carbon dioxide)
H2O (water)
CH4 (methane)
C6H12 O6 (glucose)

9. Rule – If two identical elements combine then the name doesn’t change
Naming compounds
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Rule – If two identical elements combine then the name doesn’t change
Name the following elements H2 N2 O2 F2
Cl2
Br2
hydrogen
flourine
nitrogen
chlorine
oxygen
bromine
These elements always go around in pairs (diatomic molecules). For example, hydrogen looks like this:

10. Some simple compounds…
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Methane, CH4
Carbon dioxide, CO2
Water, H2O
Key
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Carbon
Sulphur
Sulphuric acid, H2SO4
Ethyne, C2H2

11. Simple formulae to learn
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H2O
CO2
NH3 H2 O2 N2
SO2
Water
Carbon dioxide
Ammonia
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulphur dioxide
NaCl
CaCl2
MgO
HCl
H2SO4
HNO3
NaOH
Ca(OH)2
CaCO3
Al2O3
Fe2O3
Sodium chloride
Calcium chloride
Magnesium oxide
Hydrochloric acid
Sulphuric acid
Nitric acid
Sodium hydroxide
Calcium hydroxide
Calcium carbonate
Aluminium oxide
Iron oxide

12. Formulae H2SO4 Mg(OH)2 3 NH3 H3PO4 Al2(CO3)3
What do the numbers mean in:
H2SO4
Mg(OH)2
3 NH3
How many atoms of each type are there in:
H3PO4
Al2(CO3)3

13. Balancing Reactions 2 2 3 2 3 Mg + O2 Zn + HCl Fe + Cl2 NaOH + HCl
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Mg O2
Zn HCl
Fe Cl2
NaOH HCl
CH O2
Ca H2O
NaOH H2SO4
CH3OH O2
MgO
ZnCl H2
FeCl3
NaCl H2O
CO H2O
Ca(OH) H2
Na2SO H2O 2

14. How could you produce CO2 in the lab?
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How could you produce CO2 in the lab?
Add calcium carbonate to some acid eg HCl or H2SO4
How would you test for the CO2 gas?
By bubbling it through limewater ( a solution of Ca(OH)2 ) and observing the solution go milky.

15. How could you produce H2 in the lab?
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How could you produce H2 in the lab?
Add Mg to some acid eg HCl or H2SO4
How would you test for the gas?
By igniting the gas using the pop test.

16. How could you produce O2 in the lab?
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How could you produce O2 in the lab?
manganese dioxide and hydrogen peroxide in a test tube produces oxygen gas
How would you test for the O2 gas?
By placing a glowing splint into the tube and seeing if it would relight