1. Pressure

2. MENU PRESSURE IN SOLIDS PRESSURE IN LIQUIDS PRESSURE IN GASES
MEASURING PRESSURE

3. Pressure in solids
An elephant will exert less pressure than a person wearing high heels. This is because the weight of the elephant is spread over a larger surface area.
Sir jumps quickly to his feet
He’s got the point (-he’s got a scar!)
The pressure acting on his seat,
Is force per unit areaaaaaaaaagh!

4. Pressure is Force per Unit Area
Force ÷ Area = Pressure
Measured in N/m2 or N/cm2
N/m2 = 1Pa (pascal)

5. Pressure in solids
This man can lie on a bed of nails because by having many nails he has increased the surface area so his pressure is less.

6. Increasing pressure

7. Reducing pressure

8. Reducing Pressure
These are all examples of where pressure in reduced by increasing surface area

9. Increasing pressure

10. Pressure in solids It acts in the direction of the force only.
The smaller the area the higher the pressure.
The larger the area the smaller the pressure

12. Calculating pressure

13. Main menu

14. Pressure in liquids

15. Pressure in liquids at depth
Pressure in liquids acts in all directions.
The greater the depth the greater the pressure, as the mass (and therefore the force exerted) is greater.

16. Mini Lab: Pressure in Liquids
Aim: To show the relationship between pressure and depth.
Hypothesis:
Materials: Can, hammer, nail, ruler, tape and water
Procedure:

17. Variables: Independent: Dependent Control Results: Calculations:
Discussion: Use the data from the lab to show your findings.

18. P = (density x Vol) x gravity / area
P = mass x gravity / area
P = (density x Vol) x gravity / area
P = density x ( Area x height) x gravity / area
Areas cancel out.
P = density x height x gravity

19. Pressure is exerted throughout the liquid and in all directions.
The deeper the water the greater the pressure because the weight of the water is greater

20. Calculating pressure at depth
Pressure = 10 x depth x density
(N/m2 ) ( N/kg) (m) (kg/m3)
The hydrometer
This is used to measure the density of milk and other liquids. It floats to different depths in different liquids, depending on their densities

21. Upthrust and Pressure
All liquids exert an upthrust because the pressure inside the liquid increases as you go deeper. This means that the pressure on the bottom of an object is greater than on the top, and so there is a resultant force upwards

22. Pressure in liquids
Liquids will find their own level

23. Pressure in Liquids
Higher density higher pressure.

24. Using pressure in liquids
Hydraulic machines
It was easier to push on the small syringe that on the big syringe. This is because a force acting over small area creates a high pressure. This pressure is then transmitted through the fluid and acts over a large area. This results in a larger force on the plunger of the large syringe.

25. Pressure in Liquids Answer these questions:
Answers
The pressure at the bottom is greater so the wall must be stronger.
Upthrust from the water is spread over a large area so the upward force is greater than the weight.
When the diver breathes at depth the air is at a higher pressure. As he surfaces the water pressure decreases so the air in his lungs would expand and burst his lungs.
Answer these questions:
Why does the dam wall need to be thicker at its base?
Why does the boat float?
Why must the diver breathe out as he surfaces?
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26. Pressure in Gases
We are living at the bottom of a ‘sea’ of air called the atmosphere, which exerts a pressure on us (just as the sea squeezes a diver).
Atmospheric pressure is N/m2
However, the pressure inside our bodies is similar, so we don’t notice the pressure of the air.

27. Collapsing Can Experiment
Before the pump is switched on, molecules are hitting the outside and inside with equal pressure.
After the pump is switched on, there are almost no molecules inside the can and the pressure of the molecules outside the can crushes it.

28. Magdeburg Hemispheres

29. Magdeburg hemispheres
The pressure of the air outside pushes the cups closed when there is a vacuum inside.
When air enters the pressure outside and inside are the same and they are easily pulled apart

30. Gases can be Compressed
...Pressure increases

31. Exploding Marshmallow
At first the atmospheric pressure on the outside of the balloon balances the air pressure inside ....

32. ...when you pump out the air
A vacuum is created in the bell jar
air pressure in the balloon / marshmallow is higher than the pressure in the bell jar so the balloon expands

33. Using Air pressure

34. Using pressure Sucking creates a negative pressure in the straw.
The high air pressure acting on the surface of the liquid pushes the liquid up the straw.

35. Using Air Pressure
The higher pressure outside the sucker holds it in place.
As you push the sucker down air is forced out of the cup creating a negative pressure

36. Using pressure – force pump
Plunger out –
Negative pressure water pushed up by air pressure.
Plunger in –
Pressure exerted on liquid, inlet valve forced closed, so water pressure forces open outlet valve
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37. PRESSURE SUMMARY Pressure is the force per unit area
It is measured in N/m2 ( Pascals), N/cm2 , Bar.
The larger the area the more the force is spread so the less the pressure.
The smaller the area the less the force is spread, so the greater the pressure.
In liquids and gases the fluids will flow from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure until the pressure is equal throughout.
Pressure in a liquid is greater at depth.
Pressure in liquids and gases are exerted equally throughout. The same pressure at equal depths.