1. Ch. 91 Software Engineering Tools and Environments

2. Ch. 92 Outline How did the field evolve? How can tools and environments be classified and compared? What are the main categories? How can tools be integrated? What motivates new tools/environments?

3. Ch. 93 Historical evolution Dominant factors affecting evolution –technological developments made certain tools necessary or possible –better understanding of software engineering processes

4. Ch. 94 Technological developments —examples— Advances in graphical displays and user interfaces –graphical editors –graphical user interfaces (GUIs) –visual languages Advances in distributed systems –tools supporting distributed configuration management and teams (groupware)

5. Ch. 95 Evolution Individual tools developed to support single activities (e.g.,compilation, debugging)  Integrated environments, i.e., tools that work together –e.g., environment supporting one programming language  Open environments –tools have public interfaces which allow them to communicate and cooperate with other tools which respect those interfaces

6. Ch. 96 Dimensions for comparison (1) Interaction mode –batch-oriented tools –interactive tools Level of formality –syntax/semantics of documents produced Dependency on phase of life cycle Degree of standardization

7. Ch. 97 Static vs. dynamic Development tools vs. end-product components Single-user vs. multi-user Single-machine vs. network-aware Dimensions for comparison (2)

8. Ch. 98 Representative tools: Editors Textual or graphical Can follow a formal syntax, or can be used for informal text or free-form pictures Monolingual (e.g., Java editor) or multilingual

9. Ch. 99 Representative tools: Linkers Combine object-code fragments into a larger program –can be monolingual or polylingual In a broader sense, tools for linking specification modules, able to perform checking and binding across various specification modules

10. Ch. 910 Representative tools: Interpreters Traditionally at the programming language level Also at the requirements specification level –requirements animation Can be numeric or symbolic

11. Ch. 911 Representative tools: Code generators In a general sense, transform a high level description into a lower-level description –a specification into an implementation Practical example –4th Generation Languages

12. Ch. 912 Representative tools: Debuggers May be viewed as special kinds of interpreters where –execution state inspectable –execution mode definable –animation to support program understanding

13. Ch. 913 Representative tools: Software testing (1) Test documentation tools –support bookkeeping of test cases forms for test case definition, storage, retrieval

14. Ch. 914 Representative tools: Software testing (2) Tools for test data derivation –e.g., synthesizing data from path condition Tools for test evaluation –e.g., various coverage metrics Tools for testing other software qualities

15. Ch. 915 Representative tools: Static analyzers Data and flow control analyzers –can point out possible flaws or suspicious- looking statements e.g., detecting uninitialized variables

16. Ch. 916 Representative tools: GUI tools Graphical User Interfaces are now standard Common abstractions include –windows and the desktop metaphor

17. Ch. 917 User-Interface Management Systems Provide a set of basic abstractions (windows, menus, scroll bars, etc.) that may be used to customize a variety of interfaces Provide a library of run-time routines to be linked to the developed application in order to support input and output –UIMS fall both under the category of development tools and under the category of end-product components

18. Ch. 918 Run-time dialog component Dialog development tools Progr. language run-time support End user Developer Progr. env.mt UIMS as development tool and end-product component

19. Ch. 919 SCREEN First nameLast name Birth date day month year Person First nameLast nameBirth date DayMonth Year Run-time dialog component INTERNAL DATA STRUCTURE Run-time structure of a UIMS

20. Ch. 920 Representative tools: Configuration Management Repository shared database of artifacts Version management versions stored, change history maintained Work-space control check-out into private work-space check-in into shared work-space Product modeling and building facilities to (re)build products

21. Ch. 921 CVS 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.11.21.3 1.2.1.11.2.1.2 2.1 2.2 sequence of revisions a branch and a later join

22. Ch. 922 make 1.sys : mod1.o mod2.o 2.ld mod1.o mod2.o -o sys 3.mod1.o : mod1.c incl.h 4.cc -c mod1.c 5.mod2.o : mod2.c incl.h 6.cc -c mod2.c aids in building and rebuilding a product helps keep a system in a consistent state after modifications

23. Ch. 923 Representative tools: Tracking tools Used during entire process to maintain information about the process and track that information The most important of these are defect- tracking tools –used to store information about reported defects in the software product and track that information

24. Ch. 924 Representative tools: Reverse and reengineering Program understanding systems –synthesize suitable abstractions from code e.g., control and data flow graphs or use graphs –extract cross-references and other kinds of documentation material on the product Reverse engineering tools also support the process of making the code and other artifacts consistent with each other

25. Ch. 925 Representative tools: Process support Maintain "to do" lists, reminding next activities in the process Automate sequences of recurring actions Full process support via PSEEs (Process- centered Software Engineering Environments) –driven by a process-modeling language

26. Ch. 926 Representative tools: Management Tools for Gantt and PERT charts –graphical interface –support to analysis Cost estimation tools –based on models, such as COCOMO

27. Ch. 927 Tool integration Data integration approach –store all process artifacts in a repository –common data representation for artifacts that different tools can use to communicate with each other Control integration approach –different tools can communicate with each other through control messages

28. Ch. 928 Forces influencing tool evolution To support new technology To support new software processes To support a particular method or methodology