1. Responding to Pollution by Oil and other Harmful Substances Response to spills of oil and other harmful substances

2. Escape of 100 tons of a light oil Spill 2 km 2 90 tons within an area of 1 km 2 20 tons will evaporate in 24 hours Rest of oil might emulsify increasing the quantity to 280 tons If this quantity comes ashore around 1,000 to 3,000 tons of oily waste will be collected Importance of prevention of oil pollution Response to oil spills

3. Importance of prevention of oil pollution Response to oil spills

4. Historical background Oil was known to human since ancient times. Primitive humans observed flames coming out of the land, especially in the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea regions. Egyptians used asphalt for mummifying the dead. Ancient Greek doctors Hippocrates and Galinos considered it as a valuable medicine. The infamous “water fire” of the Byzantines must have had oil as its main content. Response to oil spills

5. Crude oil is mainly made up of hydrocarbons with a molecular weight varying from that of methane to those of heavy molecules containing more than 80 carbon atoms. It contains oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen compounds as well as traces of metals. Its behavior and impact on the marine environment depend on the composition of the oil and the environmental conditions Based on specific gravity, we classify oil into: - Light oils - Intermediate to heavy oils - Heavy oils, including residual oils and marine fuel oils. The complex composition of crude oil and its products Response to oil spills

6. Behavior of oil into the sea – Critical factors Specific gravity Boiling point Viscosity Pour point Flash point Solubility Asphaltenes content Response to oil spills

7. Behavior of oil into the sea Response to oil spills

8. The most important process that removes oil from the sea surface. The higher the boiling point, the faster and more extensive the evaporation Crude oil may lose up to 40% of its volume in the firs 48 hours. Heavy fuel oils contain few volatile compounds and usually show a low degree of evaporation Evaporation Behavior of oil into the sea Response to oil spills

9. Evaporation of 7 tons HFO (380 cSt) in summer season Behavior of oil into the sea Response to oil spills

10. Evaporation of 7 tons of crude oil in winter season Behavior of oil into the sea Response to oil spills

11. Evaporation of 70 tons of diesel oil Evaporation of gasoline Behavior of oil into the sea Response to oil spills

12. Emulsification (Water-in-Oil Emulsion) Behavior of oil into the sea Response to oil spills

13. Emulsification (Water-in-Oil Emulsion) Behavior of oil into the sea Response to oil spills

14. Movement of a slick on the surface of the sea Behavior of oil into the sea Response to oil spills

15. 2 hours simulation of a 350 tons oil spill Light Crude oil Heavy Fuel oil Behavior of oil into the sea Movement of a slick on the surface of the sea Response to oil spills

16. Permissible oil discharges from E/R Response to oil spills

17. SPILL PREPARDNESS AND RESPONSE - ΜΑRPOL 73/78 - OPRC’90/HNS 2000 Response to oil spills

18. SOPEP, All ships Oil SMPEP, Tankers carrying noxious liquid substances NLS Spill Contingency Plans Response to oil spills

19. Basic Elements  Reporting procedure  List of Authorities that must be notified in case of a pollution incident  Actions to be taken by the ship’s crew for mitigating or limiting pollution  Procedures for the coordination of the response operation in cooperation with national and local authorities  Training – Drills Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan Response to oil spills

20. Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan Response to oil spills

21. Steps to control the discharge - Priority actions 1.The Master’s priority will be to ensure the safety of personnel and the ship, and to take action to prevent escalation of the incident. 2. Prior to considering remedial action, the Master will need to obtain detailed information on the damage sustained by the ship. 3. Having assessed the damage sustained by the ship, the Master will be in position to decide what action should be taken to prevent or minimize further discharge Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan Response to oil spills

22. Mitigating Activities When the safety of both the ship and personnel has been addressed, the Master can initiate mitigating activities, having the overall responsibility for continuous monitoring and assessment of the situation and act respectively.  Assessment and monitoring requirements  Personnel protection issues (protective equipment and threats to health and safety)  Containment and other response techniques (e.g. dispersing, absorbing, neutralization)  Isolation procedures  Decontamination of personnel Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan Response to oil spills

23. Transfer of Bunker / Cargo Lightening Should the ship sustain extensive structural damage, it may be necessary to transfer all or part of the bunker oils to another ship/barge. The Plan should provide guidance on procedures to be followed for ship-to-ship transfer of cargo. It should also address the need for co-coordinating this activity with the Coastal state, as such operation may be subject to the coastal state’s jurisdiction. Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan Response to oil spills

24. HELMEPA Ship’s Manual Response to oil spills

25. Oil Booms Common spill response methods Response to oil spills

26. Skimmers Common spill response methods Response to oil spills

27. Chemical dispersants Common spill response methods Response to oil spills

28. Transport of Dangerous Cargoes – Marine Pollutants Response to spills by other harmful substances

29. Transport of HNS substances Response to spills by other harmful substances

30. Transport of chemicals in packaged form Mont Blanc Accident, 1917 Response to spills by other harmful substances

31. Hazards from the carriage of bulk chemicals Response to spills by other harmful substances

32. X Major Hazard (13%, 70 substances) Y Hazard (65%, > 320 substances) Z Minor Hazard (22%, > 110 substances) OSNo hazards NLS Categorization Response to spills by other harmful substances

33. Permissible discharges of tank washings and dirty ballast Response to spills by other harmful substances

34. Properties assessed in classifying an NLS cargo Response to spills by other harmful substances

35. Behavior of spills Response to spills by other harmful substances

36. Behavior Impacts Response Response to spills by other harmful substances

37. SMPEP vs SOPEP SMPEP shall include all the casualties referred in SOPEP plus: spills by noxious liquid substances, and response practices in relation to: dangerous reactions of cargoes carried on the vessel, dangerous cargo releases, loss of tank environmental control, and cargo contamination that might lead to a hazardous condition Response to spills by other harmful substances

38. Accidental release of a rapidly evaporating and flammable cargo Response to spills by other harmful substances

39. Thank you for your attention! Questions