1. doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2790r0 Submission Nov 2007 Li, SiBEAMSlide 1 What Is Happening In 60 GHz Date: 2007-11-12 Authors:

2. doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2790r0 Submission Nov 2007 Li, SiBEAMSlide 2 Abstract A recitation of how research, legislative, and physical activities have led to the current interest in 60 GHz standards and technology

3. doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2790r0 Submission Nov 2007 Li, SiBEAMSlide 3 Why Is There So Much 60 GHz Activity Outside of 802.11? 802.15 TG3c COMPA Ecma NGmS WirelessHD

4. doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2790r0 Submission Nov 2007 Li, SiBEAMSlide 4 Path Loss Is Greater at Higher Frequencies Materials Attenuation (dB)

5. doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2790r0 Submission Nov 2007 Li, SiBEAMSlide 5 60 GHz Is Particularly Bad Because Is Oxygen Absorptive

6. doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2790r0 Submission Nov 2007 Li, SiBEAMSlide 6 MMCWG Saw 60 GHz As Reflective An industry consortium known as the Millimeter Wave Communications Working Group saw 60 GHz as Biologically (Water) Reflective. –Apple Computer –Cutler Hammer –Hewlett-Packard –Hughes –Metricom –Motorola –Rockwell Int’l –Sun Microsystems

7. doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2790r0 Submission Nov 2007 Li, SiBEAMSlide 7 Early 60 GHz Work Led To Current Spectrum Allocations 60 GHz Transmit Strength (EIRP W) 100 10 1 0.01 Signal Bandwidth (MHz) 0.1 10 100 1000 802.11 UWB

8. doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2790r0 Submission Nov 2007 Li, SiBEAMSlide 8 Shannon’s Law Made 60 GHz Spectrum Interesting Bandwidth: Gbps throughput possible with simpler radios – Few bps/Hz Capacity: Spectrum supports over 25 Gbps using QPSK S/N: Implementation difficulties with UWB alleviated by availability of over 1000x more power on license-exempt basis

9. doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2790r0 Submission Nov 2007 Li, SiBEAMSlide 9 Reflective Thinking Instead of Refractive Thinking about 60 GHz Energy Doesn’t Disappear: High Attenuation means High Reflections O 2 Absorption is 1dB per 100m Materials Reflectivity

10. doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2790r0 Submission Nov 2007 Li, SiBEAMSlide 10 Finding The Right 60 GHz Reflection Has Its Benefits Wall Composed of Mixed Material 2 sheet drywall High gloss paint 2x4 boards PVC piping Misc. electrical Calculated wall loss from absorption tables was 22-37 dB total Omni wall loss was actually 16 dB Beamsteered wall loss thru best path was only 5 dB A A B A B TX RX

11. doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2790r0 Submission Nov 2007 Li, SiBEAMSlide 11 Rebalancing The Thinking About Link Budgets at Higher Frequency 2.4 GHz: 18dBm + 2dBi = 20dBm 60 GHz: 10dBm + 30dBi = 40dBm Active (PA) Passive (Antenna)

12. doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2790r0 Submission Nov 2007 Li, SiBEAMSlide 12 Advancements in Antenna, Beamforming, and Beamsteering Enable These Gains Possible at 60 GHz, because with constant antenna area, max received power increases as the frequency squaredPossible at 60 GHz, because with constant antenna area, max received power increases as the frequency squared 20dBi with single element directional to over 30dBi with multiple element non-directional designs20dBi with single element directional to over 30dBi with multiple element non-directional designs

13. doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2790r0 Submission Nov 2007 Li, SiBEAMSlide 13 Leading to Interesting Potential for 60 GHz Applications

14. doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2790r0 Submission Nov 2007 Li, SiBEAMSlide 14 New designs using standard chip processes offer enormous cost reduction vs. traditional high frequency designs Each new process generation also scaling both digital AND analog/mixed-signal designs X Digital CMOS can now support 60 GHz All of The Preceding in CMOS or SiGe

15. doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2790r0 Submission Nov 2007 Li, SiBEAMSlide 15 What is Happening in 60 GHz Researchers are thinking differently about radio designs Effectively using reflectivity for in-room (to overcome directivity) and multi-room (to reduce path loss) designs Emphasizing algorithmic and antenna designs over amplification Exploiting lots of spectrum with high power limits and few incumbents

16. doc.: IEEE 802.11-07/2790r0 Submission Nov 2007 Li, SiBEAMSlide 16 Items to Consider Should 60 GHz be usable under an 802.11 architecture? What time frame is relevant? –TGn PAR (2003) TGn Publication (2008) –VHT PAR (2008) VHT Publication (2013?) The following excerpts from earlier 802.11 submissions –“A Bluetooth pico-cell colocated with an 802.11 station will degrade its throughput by a factor of 10” –“(5 GHz) will be limited to single room applications” Contest expires Mar 2008