1. A Closer Look at Converting Food Energy into Cell Energy

2.  All living things require a source of energy for survival

3.  Movement: Muscle contraction  Synthesis of new molecules cells and other structures  Tissue Repair  Growth

4.  It must be converted to a usable form

5.  These processes are very similar in all living organisms  Bacteria and humans have similar ways of producing ATP  This means the processes evolved very long ago before simple organisms became more complex

6.  It has six carbon atoms  The atoms are held together with strong bonds  Cells must use energy to begin the reactions  Energy is stored in ATP

7. A P P P ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE

8.  Breaks glucose down  Enzymes rearrange the pieces  Two molecules of Pyruvate are formed  There is still a lot of energy that has not been released in these two molecules  Muscles that don’t get enough oxygen use glycolysis for energy

9.  NADH stands for Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide with a Hydrogen atom.  The energy from the glucose is stored in these molecules  This energy will be transferred to ATP in The Electron Transport Chain

10.  The Krebs cycle happens in the mitochondria  It requires oxygen – so it’s Aerobic  Enzymes convert pyruvate to a two carbon molecule by removing a molecule of Carbon dioxide  The two carbon molecule enters the Krebs cycle

11.  Aerobic  Requires enzymes  Rearranges molecules  Energy is completely released from Pyruvate  Produces ATP  Produces NADH – A Hydrogen carrier molecule

12.  Carbon Dioxide which travels to lungs to be exhaled as waste

13.  An energy carrier and a hydrogen carrier  Energy in each NADH will be used to make 3 more ATP  This will happen in the electron transport chain  This is how large amounts of ATP are generated  This is how you get most of your energy

14.  Happens in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion  There is a series of electron carrier molecules here  Hydrogen atoms in NADH are separated into protons and electrons  As the electrons move from one carrier to the next they release energy

16.  The energy release from the electrons as the bounce is used to pump protons (H+) across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion  The protons build up in the outer compartment of the mitochondrion  There is a difference in the number (concentration) of protons between the inside and outside of the inner compartment of the mitochondrion

17.  Is a concentration gradient (like the difference in energy between the top and bottom of a waterfall)  This is the source of potential energy  The protons diffuse from high concentrations outside to the inner compartment where their concentration is lower.

18.  This flow of protons is used to make ATP from ADP and phosphate  This is where the energy from NADH is transferred to ATP  The transferred electrons combine with protons (H+) and molecular oxygen O 2 to form water H 2 O

19.  It completes the electron transport system  Carbon dioxide and water are the by products of cellular respiration