1. LOGO D ESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF SOIL LIQUID LIMIT APPARATUS APPLIED WITH FLUID DYNAMICS PRINCIPLES AND SHEAR STRENGTH MODEL

2. LOGO Liquid Limit (LL) - moisture/water content at the transition point of soil behavior transition point of soil behavior from plastic to liquid from plastic to liquid Two Standard Methods of LL Determination Two Standard Methods of LL Determination Fall Cone Test Fall Cone Test Atterberg Limits Atterberg Limits

3. LOGO Fall Cone Test Governing Principle Drawback -based on the measurement of penetration into the soil of a standardized cone of specific mass

4. LOGO Atterberg Limits Governing Principle Drawbacks Drawbacks -mixing a pat of clay in a round-bottomed porcelain bowl of 10-12cm diameter and having a groove through the pat of clay with a spatula, and the bowl was then struck many times against the palm of one hand.

5. LOGO Statement of the Objectives Main Objective

6. LOGO Objective No. 1 Statement of the Objectives Objective No. 2

7. LOGO Objective No. 3 Statement of the Objectives Objective No. 4

8. LOGO Department of Environment and Natural Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Soil Analysts and Geologists Soil Analysts and Geologists Mass Information Mass Information Affordability and Practicality Affordability and Practicality Additional Knowledge Additional Knowledge Significance

9. LOGO Shear strength Shear strength application application Plastic Limit Plastic Limit Plasticity Index Plasticity Index Quality of materials Quality of materials LIMITATION Fluid Dynamics Fluid Dynamics Bernoulli’s Equation Bernoulli’s Equation Volumetric Flow Rate Volumetric Flow Rate Poiseuille's Law Poiseuille's Law Continuity Principle Continuity Principle Definition of pressure/ Definition of pressure/ shear strength shear strength Liquid limit of the soil Liquid limit of the soil SCOPE Scope and Limitation

10. LOGO Experimental Design RX1O1 RX2O2 RX3O3 Figure 1. Post-test Control Group Design

11. LOGO Research Paradigm

12. LOGO Schematic Diagram Designing the Machine Construction of the Machine Computation of quantitative relation between LL and shear strength through Fluid Dynamics Principles Pre-testing and Development Identifying Errors Actual Testing Data Gathering Statistical Process

13. LOGO Designing of the Apparatus   Motor Drive Shear to spin inside the glass funnel-like structure DC motor with120 volts to 100 volts output   Water System 50-ml burette as water reservoir Figure 1. Draft of the Machine Design

14. LOGO Designing of the Apparatus   Liquid-Limit Test Apparatus glass funnel on a carriage to contain the soil and show the baseline consists of base, motor drive, plastic shear, containers, glass funnel, storage container, motor drive carriage, burette and glass funnel carriage for the liquid limit determination *baseline will be the basis for Liquid Limit determination in the soil

15. LOGO Construction of the Apparatus Figure 2. Measuring and construction of the Base Framework

16. LOGO Construction of the Apparatus Figure 3. Base and Motor/ Stirrer Attachment and Testing

17. LOGO Construction of the Apparatus Figure 4. Wiring and Funnel Attachment

18. LOGO Construction of the Apparatus Figure 5. Polishing and finishing touches

19. LOGO Computation of quantitative relationship between liquid limit and the shear strength

20. LOGO Actual Testing Figure 6. Weighing of replicates in each samples (17.45 g)

21. LOGO Actual Testing Figure 7. Four Soil Samples A,B,C, and D together with the four replicates

22. LOGO Actual Testing Figure 8. Soil being put into the funnel for testing Figure 9. Soil Testing Figure 10. Washing of the funnel after testing

23. LOGO Results SampleFall-ConeAtterbergApparatus A47.392533.5742.59186607 B48.537537.4745.73646187 C29.3175*NP29.72022235 D37.905NP30.25624882 Table 1. Moisture Content (%) of Soil Samples Evaluated Using the Various Apparatus

24. LOGO Highlights of the Results Table 1. Moisture Content (%) of Soil Samples Evaluated Using the Various Apparatus SampleFall-ConeAtterbergApparatus Differences in the Results Fall Cone- LL App Fall Cone- Atterberg A47.392533.5742.591866074.80063392613.8225 B48.537537.4745.736461872.80103813411.0675 C29.3175*NP29.72022235 -0.402722355 29.3175 D37.905NP30.256248827.64875117737.905 - closer Note:

25. LOGO Results MethodNXS2S2 SDSE Fall cone440.78881.1869.0104.505 Atterberg417.76432.09220.56910.285 LL Apparatus 437.07668.6828.2874.144 Notes: N- # of sample; X- mean; S- variance; SD- Standard Deviation; SE- Standard Error SD Comparison SE Comparison Table 2. Group Information for Liquid Limit

26. LOGO Highlight of the Results MethodNXS2S2 SDSE Fall cone440.78881.1869.0104.505 Atterberg417.76432.09220.56910.285 LL Apparatus 437.07668.6828.2874.144 Notes: N- # of sample; X- mean; S- variance; SD- Standard Deviation; SE- Standard Error SD Comparison SE Comparison Table 2. Group Information for Liquid Limit Much closer Difference: -0.361 Difference: +6. 220 Much closer Difference: -0.723 Difference: + 11.559

27. LOGO Conclusion

28. LOGO Recommendations

29. LOGO THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!