1. History, Types of Cells, Organelles
Cell Notes
History, Types of Cells, Organelles

2. Cell Sizes can vary
Most cells are small, about 40 human cells would fit on the dot of this letter i.
Some cells are big, the yolk of a chicken egg is a single cell.
The smallest cells are so tiny that you could fit over a million of them on the period at the end of this sentence.
6th period finished this slide, 8th period started this slide

3. Cells are made of molecules
Cell Size
Cells are made of molecules
Molecules are made up of atoms.
The atom is the basic fundamental unit of matter.
Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons.
Atoms are NON-LIVING

4. Molecules
2 or more bonded atoms
Form compounds
NON-living

5. ATOMS
Smallest part of matter
NON-living

6. How Many Cells are in an Organism?
Unicellular or multicellular (review)
You are made up of trillions of cells.
You have specialized cells in your body. This means that certain cells only do certain things.
(e.g. a heart cell cannot do what a brain cell does)
Cells, tissues, and organs from different organ systems can’t be switched around.
7th period start at the beginning of this slide

7. What determines the shape of a cell?
The cell’s FUNCTION
Blood Cells
Muscle Cells
Nerve Cells

8. Cells use Energy
The cells of organisms use energy to do what living things must do, such as grow and repair injured parts.
Cells are always hard at work.
Right now ALL of your cells are busy!
5th period did the first bullet point here
White blood cells (above)

9. How do we look at Cells?
The invention of the microscope made it possible for people to discover and learn about cells.
A light microscope that has more than one lens is called a compound microscope.
The Top 10 Microscope IMAGES!!!
Cool Microscopic Images

10. Robert Hooke The first person to describe cells
In the 1660s, he built a microscope and looked at cork
To Hooke the cork looked like rectangular rooms, which he called cells.
Cell is Latin for “tiny box”

11. Anton van Leeuwenhoek
At about the same time that Robert Hooke made his discovery, Anton van Leeuwenhoek also began to observe tiny objects with his microscope.
Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch scientist and when he looked at water from a pond he saw tiny single celled organisms.
First to see bacteria
Famous for calling cells “wee beasties”

12. Matthias Schleiden
Discovered plants are made of cells

13. Theodore Schwann
Discovered animals are made of cells

14. Rudolf Virchow
A doctor who discovered that cells come from other cells

15. Cell Theory The cell theory states:
All living things are composed of cells.
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.
All cells are produced from other cells.
6th period

16. Cell Theory
Did our knowledge of cells come all at once? No, it came a little at a time and built on what we already knew.

17. Cell Theory
Do we know everything about cells? Absolutely NOT!!!

18. ORGANELLE
Cells contain even smaller structures inside of the cell called organelles.
Definition: a specialized structure inside a cell

19. Looking Inside Cells
Organelles were called organelles because early scientists thought they looked like “inner organs” kind of like our heart, kidneys, or brain.
Organelles are made out of MOLECULES which are made from ATOMS

20. Cell Wall
Definition: The outermost part of a plant cell. It is found outside of the cell's membrane. It is quite rigid and helps maintain the shape of the plant.
Cell Walls look rectangular in shape and are only found in plant cells.

21. Cell Membrane
Definition: the outer portion of a cell. It surrounds the cell and keeps the contents inside.
For example, it will let food and oxygen in but keep out harmful waste products.

22. Cytoplasm
Definition: all the material between a cell membrane and the nucleus
This is a clear, thick, gel-like fluid PLUS the organelles

23. Nucleus Definition: The control center of the cell. Contains DNA.
Directs the cell in how to function.
Like the nucleus of an atom, it’s at the center!
7th period got this far

24. NUCLEOLUS
Inside the nucleus It makes ribosomes.

25. Mitochondria The powerhouse of the cell! Produces energy for the cell.
Muscle cells rely heavily on mitochondria.
They kind of look like brains.

26. 5th period finished this slide

27. Ribosomes
Ribosomes are small organelles that make proteins.

28. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) looks like a giant maze.
It moves proteins and other materials from one part of the cell to another.
Sometimes it has ribosomes on it (rough ER). ER with no ribosomes is smooth ER.

30. Vacuoles
Throughout the cell you can find large water-filled sacs floating in the cytoplasm.
These sacs are called vacuoles. Vacuoles store water and other materials needed by the cell.
All plant cells have a large central vacuole.

31. Chloroplasts Only plant cells and some protists have chloroplasts.
Definition: an organelle in a plant cell that changes sunlight into energy (photosynthesis).

32. Cilia and Flagella
Cilia are hair like structures that are found on the outside of some cells. They help the cell move.
Flagella (singular: flagellum) is a whip like structure on the outside of some cells. They help the cells move.

34. Bacteria vs. Plant vs. Animal Cell

35. How are Plant Cells and Animal Cells Different?
Plant Cells are rectangular in shape due to their Cell Walls.
Plant cells have chloroplasts which perform photosynthesis.
Plant cells have a large central vacuole.

36. Learning biology!
xv9o

37. Label your Animal Cell
6th period

38. Label Your Plant Cell

40. 5th period

44. Can you see the…
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Cell membrane
Nucleus

45. Can you see the…
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Cell membrane
Nucleus

46. Can you see the…
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Cell membrane
Nucleus

47. The Importance of Cells
Think about every time you need energy to move your cells have to actively be working so that you can move.
Think about every time you breathe in your individual cells have to take in oxygen and use it to make energy.
All of our energy needs are met by small tiny parts of our body that we barely even think of.

48. Our cellular needs are met by tissues and organs
These needs are met by…
Lungs provide oxygen to blood, blood gives oxygen to cells
Digestive system breaks down food into small pieces that enter cells
Organs like the liver and kidneys filter and clean our bodies from waste
Cells need
AIR
FOOD
to have their WASTE REMOVED

49. What goes in and What goes out…
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a high concentration to low concentration.
Diffusion does not require energy use. It’s like riding your bicycle downhill. You still get somewhere and you still move but you don’t have to use the pedals.

50. What causes Diffusion?
Molecules are always moving. As they move, the molecules bump into one another. The more molecules there are in an area, the more collisions there will be.
Collisions cause molecules to push away from one another.
Over time, the molecules of a substance will continue to spread out.

51. Which way will the molecules move?
High concentration of RED STUFF
LOW concentration of RED STUFF

52. Which way will the molecules move?
High concentration of RED STUFF
LOW concentration of RED STUFF
The molecules will move to a less crowded place

53. Osmosis Definition: diffusion of WATER through a membrane
Requires NO energy
Does water move from high to low concentrations, or low to high concentrations?
This is important when plants regulate their water supplies.
Red blood cells can burst if they don’t use osmosis correctly.
Just like regular diffusion, it goes from high to low concentrations. What goes in, and what goes out?

54. What’s the difference between diffusion and osmosis?
Membranes only allow some substances in or out of a cell. This means these membranes are SEMI-PERMEABLE.

55. Osmosis – how will water move?
There’s water in the cell and water outside it. Remember, only water can move.
The inside of the cell is crowded with water. There is a higher proportion of water to plus sign outside the cell than inside.

56. Osmosis – how will water move?
Water goes OUT of the cell
We’re trying to get an equal ratio of water to not water both inside and outside the cell.
Water is the only thing that can move in osmosis, so it will move to where there’s less water.

57. Osmosis – how will water move?
Water goes OUT of the cell
We’re trying to get an equal ratio of water to not water both inside and outside the cell.
Water is the only thing that can move in osmosis, so it will move to where there’s less water.
The cell shrinks when the water leaves. Now we have a more equal water to plus sign ratio.

58. Osmosis – how will water move?

59. Osmosis – how will water move?
Water goes INTO the cell
We’re trying to get an equal ratio of water to not water both inside and outside the cell.
Water is the only thing that can move in osmosis, so it will move IN, where there’s less water.

60. Osmosis – how will water move?
Water goes INTO the cell
We’re trying to get an equal ratio of water to not water both inside and outside the cell.
Water is the only thing that can move in osmosis, so it will move IN, where there’s less water.
When water enters cells, the membranes can swell. What structure in plant cells keeps the cells from bursting if they get too much water?

61. Osmosis in plant and animal cells

62. Osmosis in real cells

63. Do diffusion and osmosis require energy?
PASSIVE TRANSPORT – movement of molecules from a more crowded area to a less crowded area (requires no energy)
ACTIVE TRANSPORT - Movement of molecules from a less crowded area to a more crowded area (requires energy)

64. Diffusion and osmosis are both types of passive transport.

65. Transport within Cells
Both active and passive transport happens inside cells. Which type of transport requires energy? (Active) Which requires no energy? (Passive) What are the two types of passive transport we’ve talked about? Diffusion and osmosis.

66. Plants only have this structure
Plants only have this structure. It provides a skeleton for the plant to stand up and provide support
Plants only have this structure. Inside of each chloroplast is clorophyll that captures sunlight and makes it into energy

67. Can you see any differences?