1. + A closer look at: Retrieval

2. + Yesterday and today you learned about… Stage 1: Encoding. Stage 2: Storage. Once information is encoded and stored successfully, you must be able to get it back out, or retrieve it!

3. + The two retrieval tasks Recall: Recognition: Harry Bahrick study (1975):

4. + Relearning Time as a Measure of Retention  In the late 1800s, Hermann Ebbinghaus studied another measure of memory functioning: how much time does it take to relearn and regain mastery of material?  He studied the memorization of nonsense syllables (THB YOX KVU EHM) so that depth of processing or prelearning would not be a factor.

5. + “Every memory we have is held in a web of associations.”

6. + Retrieval cues Imagine a spider suspended in the middle of her web, held up by the many strands extending outward from her in all directions to different points. If you were to trace a pathway to the spider, you would first need to create a path from one of these anchor points and then follow the strand down into the web. Retrieval cues:

7. + Priming The activation of particular associations in memory, which usually aids retrieval; “memoryless memory”

8. + Context-Dependent Memory  Part of the web of associations of a memory is the context. What else was going on at the time we formed the memory? Words learned underwater are better retrieved underwater.

9. + Déjà vu = “already seen” Sometimes being in a context similar to one we’ve been in before may trigger déjà vu.

10. + State-Dependent Memory  Our memories are not just linked to the external context in which we learned them.

11. + The end!